Module: Daru::Category

Defined in:
lib/daru/category.rb

Overview

rubocop:disable Metrics/ModuleLength

Constant Summary collapse

UNDEFINED = 
Object.new.freeze
CODING_SCHEMES = 
%i[dummy deviation helmert simple].freeze

Instance Attribute Summary collapse

Instance Method Summary collapse

Instance Attribute Details

#base_category ⇒ Object

Returns the value of attribute base_category.



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 5

def base_category
  @base_category
end

#coding_scheme ⇒ Object

Returns the value of attribute coding_scheme.



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 6

def coding_scheme
  @coding_scheme
end

#index ⇒ Object

Returns the value of attribute index.



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 6

def index
  @index
end

#name ⇒ Object

Returns the value of attribute name.



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 6

def name
  @name
end

Instance Method Details

#==(other) ⇒ Object

Two categorical vectors are equal if their index and corresponding values are same return [true, false] true if two vectors are similar

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [:a, 1, :a, 1, :c], type: :category
other = Daru::Vector.new [:a, 1, :a, 1, :c],
  type: :category,
  index: 1..5
dv == other
# => false


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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 512

def == other
  size == other.size &&
    to_a == other.to_a &&
    index == other.index
end

#[](*indexes) ⇒ Object

Note:

Since it accepts both indexes and postions. In case of collision, argument will be treated as index

Returns vector for indexes/positions specified

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [:a, 1, :a, 1, :c],
  type: :category,
  index: 'a'..'e'
dv[:a, 1]
# => #<Daru::Vector(2)>
#   a   a
#   b   1
dv[0, 1]
# => #<Daru::Vector(2)>
#   a   a
#   b   1

Parameters:

  • indexes (Array) —

    for which values has to be retrived

Returns:

  • vector containing values specified at specified indexes/positions



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 198

def [] *indexes
  positions = @index.pos(*indexes)
  return category_from_position(positions) if positions.is_a? Integer

  Daru::Vector.new positions.map { |pos| category_from_position pos },
    index: @index.subset(*indexes),
    name: @name,
    type: :category,
    ordered: @ordered,
    categories: categories
end

#[]=(*indexes, val) ⇒ Object

Note:

In order to add a new category you need to associate it via #add_category

Modifies values at specified indexes/positions.

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [:a, 1, :a, 1, :c], type: :category
dv.add_category :b
dv[0] = :b
dv
# => #<Daru::Vector(5)>
#   0   b
#   1   1
#   2   a
#   3   1
#   4   c

Parameters:

  • indexes (Array) —

    at which to modify value

  • val (object) —

    value to assign at specific indexes/positions

Returns:

  • modified vector



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 252

def []= *indexes, val
  positions = @index.pos(*indexes)

  if positions.is_a? Numeric
    modify_category_at positions, val
  else
    positions.each { |pos| modify_category_at pos, val }
  end
  self
end

#add_category(*new_categories) ⇒ Object

Associates a category to the vector.

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [:a, 1, :a, 1, :c], type: :category
dv.add_category :b
dv.categories
# => [:a, :b, :c, 1]

Parameters:

  • new_categories (Array) —

    new categories to be associated



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 131

def add_category(*new_categories)
  new_categories -= categories
  add_extra_categories new_categories
end

#at(*positions) ⇒ Object

Returns vector for positions specified.

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [:a, 1, :a, 1, :c], type: :category
dv.at 0..-2
# => #<Daru::Vector(4)>
#   0   a
#   1   1
#   2   a
#   3   1

Parameters:

  • positions (Array) —

    at which values to be retrived.

Returns:

  • vector containing values specified at specified positions



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 221

def at *positions
  original_positions = positions
  positions = coerce_positions(*positions)
  validate_positions(*positions)

  return category_from_position(positions) if positions.is_a? Integer

  Daru::Vector.new positions.map { |pos| category_from_position(pos) },
    index: @index.at(*original_positions),
    name: @name,
    type: :category,
    ordered: @ordered,
    categories: categories
end

#categories ⇒ Array Also known as: order

Returns all the categories with the inherent order

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [:a, 1, :a, 1, :c],
  type: :category,
  categories: [:a, :b, :c, 1]
dv.categories
# => [:a, :b, :c, 1]

Returns:

  • (Array) —

    categories of the vector with the order



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 322

def categories
  @cat_hash.keys
end

#categories=(cat_with_order) ⇒ Object

Note:

If extra categories are specified, they get added too.

Sets order of the categories.

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [:a, 1, :a, 1, :c], type: :category
dv.categories = [:a, :b, :c, 1]
dv.categories
# => [:a, :b, :c, 1]

Parameters:

  • cat_with_order (Array) —

    categories specifying their order



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 336

def categories= cat_with_order
  validate_categories(cat_with_order)
  add_extra_categories(cat_with_order - categories)
  order_with cat_with_order
end

#contrast_code(opts = {}) ⇒ Daru::DataFrame

Note:

To set the coding scheme use #coding_scheme=

Contrast code the vector acording to the coding scheme set.

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [:a, 1, :a, 1, :c], type: :category
dv.contrast_code full: false
# => #<Daru::DataFrame(5x2)>
#         daru_1 daru_c
#       0      0      0
#       1      1      0
#       2      0      0
#       3      1      0
#       4      0      1

Parameters:

  • opts (Hash) (defaults to: {}) —

    The options to pass for coding.

Options Hash (opts):

  • :full (TrueClass, FalseClass) — default: false —

    True if you want k variables for k categories, false if you want k-1 variables for k categories.

Returns:



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 494

def contrast_code opts={}
  if opts[:user_defined]
    user_defined_coding(opts[:user_defined])
  else
    # TODO: Make various coding schemes code DRY
    send("#{coding_scheme}_coding".to_sym, opts[:full] || false)
  end
end

#count(category = UNDEFINED) ⇒ Object

Returns frequency of given category

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [:a, 1, :a, 1, :c], type: :category
dv.count :a
# => 2
dv.count
# => 5

Parameters:

  • category (object) (defaults to: UNDEFINED) —

    given category whose count has to be founded

Returns:

  • count/frequency of given category

Raises:

  • (ArgumentError) 


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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 145

def count category=UNDEFINED
  return @cat_hash.values.map(&:size).inject(&:+) if category == UNDEFINED # count all
  raise ArgumentError, "Invalid category #{category}" unless
    categories.include?(category)

  @cat_hash[category].size
end

#count_values(*values) ⇒ Integer

Count the number of values specified

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, nil, nil]
dv.count_values nil
# => 2

Parameters:

  • values (Array) —

    to count for

Returns:

  • (Integer) —

    the number of times the values mentioned occurs



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 710

def count_values(*values)
  values.map { |v| @cat_hash[v].size if @cat_hash.include? v }
        .compact
        .inject(0, :+)
end

#describe ⇒ Daru::Vector

Gives the summary of data using following parameters

  • size: size of the data

  • categories: total number of categories

  • max_freq: Max no of times a category occurs

  • max_category: The category which occurs max no of times

  • min_freq: Min no of times a category occurs

  • min_category: The category which occurs min no of times

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [:a, 1, :a, 1, :c], type: :category
dv.describe
# => #<Daru::Vector(6)>
#         size            5
#   categories            3
#     max_freq            2
# max_category            a
#     min_freq            1
# min_category            c

Returns:

  • (Daru::Vector) —

    Vector with index as following parameters and values as values to these parameters



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 633

def describe
  Daru::Vector.new(
    size: size,
    categories: categories.size,
    max_freq: @cat_hash.values.map(&:size).max,
    max_category: @cat_hash.keys.max_by { |cat| @cat_hash[cat].size },
    min_freq: @cat_hash.values.map(&:size).min,
    min_category: @cat_hash.keys.min_by { |cat| @cat_hash[cat].size }
  )
end

#dup ⇒ Daru::Vector

Duplicated a vector

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [:a, 1, :a, 1, :c], type: :category
dv.dup
# => #<Daru::Vector(5)>
#   0   a
#   1   1
#   2   a
#   3   1
#   4   c

Returns:



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 115

def dup
  Daru::Vector.new to_a.dup,
    name: @name,
    index: @index.dup,
    type: :category,
    categories: categories,
    ordered: ordered?
end

#each ⇒ Enumerator

Returns an enumerator that enumerates on categorical data

Returns:

  • (Enumerator) —

    an enumerator that enumerates over data stored in vector



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 88

def each
  return enum_for(:each) unless block_given?
  @array.each { |pos| yield cat_from_int pos }
  self
end

#frequencies(type = :count) ⇒ Daru::Vector

Returns a vector storing count/frequency of each category

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [:a, 1, :a, 1, :c], type: :category
dv.frequencies
# => #<Daru::Vector(4)>
#   a   2
#   b   0
#   c   1
#   1   2

Returns:

  • (Daru::Vector) —

    Return a vector whose indexes are categories and corresponding values are its count



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 164

def frequencies type=:count
  counts = @cat_hash.values.map(&:size)
  values =
    case type
    when :count
      counts
    when :fraction
      counts.map { |c| c / size.to_f }
    when :percentage
      counts.map { |c| c / size.to_f * 100 }
    else
      raise ArgumentError, 'Type should be either :count, :fraction or'\
      " :percentage. #{type} not supported."
    end
  Daru::Vector.new values, index: categories, name: name
end

#include_values?(*values) ⇒ true, false

Check if any one of mentioned values occur in the vector

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [1, 2, 3, 4, nil]
dv.include_values? nil, Float::NAN
# => true

Parameters:

  • values (Array) —

    to check for

Returns:

  • (true, false) —

    returns true if any one of specified values occur in the vector



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 680

def include_values?(*values)
  values.any? { |v| @cat_hash.include?(v) && !@cat_hash[v].empty? }
end

#indexes(*values) ⇒ Array

Return indexes of values specified

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [1, 2, nil, Float::NAN], index: 11..14
dv.indexes nil, Float::NAN
# => [13, 14]

Parameters:

  • values (Array) —

    to find indexes for

Returns:

  • (Array) —

    array of indexes of values specified



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 723

def indexes(*values)
  values &= categories
  index.to_a.values_at(*values.flat_map { |v| @cat_hash[v] }.sort)
end

#initialize_category(data, opts = {}) ⇒ Object

Note:

Base category is set to the first category encountered in the vector.

Initializes a vector to store categorical data.

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [:a, 1, :a, 1, :c],
  type: :category,
  ordered: true,
  categories: [:a, :b, :c, 1]
# => #<Daru::Vector(5)>
#   0   a
#   1   1
#   2   a
#   3   1
#   4   c

Parameters:

  • data (Array) —

    the categorical data

  • opts (Hash) (defaults to: {}) —

    the options

Options Hash (opts):

  • :ordered (Boolean) —

    true if data is ordered, false otherwise

  • :categories (Array) —

    categories to associate with the vector. It add extra categories if specified and provides order of categories also.

  • :index (object) —

    gives index to vector. By default its from 0 to size-1

Returns:

  • the categorical data created



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 28

def initialize_category data, opts={}
  @type = :category
  initialize_core_attributes data

  if opts[:categories]
    validate_categories(opts[:categories])
    add_extra_categories(opts[:categories] - categories)
    order_with opts[:categories]
  end

  # Specify if the categories are ordered or not.
  # By default its unordered
  @ordered = opts[:ordered] || false

  # The coding scheme to code with. Default is dummy coding.
  @coding_scheme = :dummy

  # Base category which won't be present in the coding
  @base_category = @cat_hash.keys.first

  # Stores the name of the vector
  @name = opts[:name]

  # Index of the vector
  @index = coerce_index opts[:index]

  self
end

#max ⇒ object

Note:

This operation will only work if vector is ordered. To set the vector ordered do ‘vector.ordered = true`

Returns the maximum category acording to the order specified.

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new ['second', 'second', 'third', 'first'],
  categories: ['first', 'second', 'third']
dv.max
# => 'third'

Returns:

  • (object) —

    the maximum category acording to the order



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 416

def max
  assert_ordered :max
  categories.last
end

#min ⇒ object

Note:

This operation will only work if vector is ordered. To set the vector ordered do ‘vector.ordered = true`

Returns the minimum category acording to the order specified.

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new ['second', 'second', 'third', 'first'],
  categories: ['first', 'second', 'third']
dv.min
# => 'first'

Returns:

  • (object) —

    the minimum category acording to the order



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 402

def min
  assert_ordered :min
  categories.first
end

#ordered=(bool) ⇒ Object

Make categorical data ordered or unordered.

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [:a, 1, :a, 1, :c], type: :category
dv.ordered = true
dv.ordered?
# => true

Parameters:

  • bool (Boolean) —

    true if categorical data is to be to ordered, false otherwise



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 310

def ordered= bool
  @ordered = bool
end

#ordered? ⇒ Boolean

Tells whether vector is ordered or not.

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [:a, 1, :a, 1, :c], type: :category
dv.ordered?
# => false

Returns:

  • (Boolean) —

    true if vector is ordered, false otherwise



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 299

def ordered?
  @ordered
end

#plot(*args, **options, &b) ⇒ Object

this method is overwritten: see Daru::Category#plotting_library=



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 78

def plot(*args, **options, &b)
  init_plotting_library

  plot(*args, **options, &b)
end

#plotting_library=(lib) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 62

def plotting_library= lib
  case lib
  when :gruff, :nyaplot
    @plotting_library = lib
    if Daru.send("has_#{lib}?".to_sym)
      extend Module.const_get(
        "Daru::Plotting::Category::#{lib.to_s.capitalize}Library"
      )
    end
  else
    raise ArgumentError, "Plotting library #{lib} not supported. "\
      'Supported libraries are :nyaplot and :gruff'
  end
end

#positions(*values) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 751

def positions(*values)
  values &= categories
  values.flat_map { |v| @cat_hash[v] }.sort
end

#reindex!(idx) ⇒ Daru::Vector

Note:

Unlike #reorder! which takes positions as input it takes index as an input to reorder the vector

Sets new index for vector. Preserves index->value correspondence.

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [3, 2, 1], index: ['c', 'b', 'a'], type: :category
dv.reindex! ['a', 'b', 'c']
# => #<Daru::Vector(3)>
#   a   1
#   b   2
#   c   3

Parameters:

Returns:

Raises:

  • (ArgumentError) 


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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 565

def reindex! idx
  idx = Daru::Index.new idx unless idx.is_a? Daru::Index
  raise ArgumentError, 'Invalid index specified' unless
    idx.to_a.sort == index.to_a.sort

  old_categories = categories
  data = idx.map { |i| self[i] }
  initialize_core_attributes data
  self.categories = old_categories
  self.index = idx
  self
end

#reject_values(*values) ⇒ Daru::Vector

Return a vector with specified values removed

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [1, 2, nil, Float::NAN], type: :category
dv.reject_values nil, Float::NAN
# => #<Daru::Vector(2)>
#   0   1
#   1   2

Parameters:

  • values (Array) —

    to reject from resultant vector

Returns:



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 693

def reject_values(*values)
  resultant_pos = size.times.to_a - values.flat_map { |v| @cat_hash[v] }
  dv = at(*resultant_pos)
  unless dv.is_a? Daru::Vector
    pos = resultant_pos.first
    dv = at(pos..pos)
  end
  dv.remove_unused_categories
end

#remove_unused_categories ⇒ Daru::Vector

Note:

If base category is removed, then the first occuring category in the data is taken as base category. Order of the undeleted categories remains preserved.

Removes the unused categories

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [:one, :two, :one], type: :category,
  categories: [:three, :two, :one]
dv.remove_unused_categories
dv.categories
# => [:two, :one]

Returns:

  • (Daru::Vector) —

    Makes changes in the vector itself i.e. deletes the unused categories and returns itself



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 383

def remove_unused_categories
  old_categories = categories

  initialize_core_attributes to_a
  self.categories = old_categories & categories
  self.base_category = @cat_hash.keys.first unless
    categories.include? base_category
  self
end

#rename_categories(old_to_new) ⇒ Object

Note:

The order of categories after renaming is preserved but new categories are added at the end in the order. Also the base-category is reassigned to new value if it is renamed

Rename categories.

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [:a, 1, :a, 1, :c], type: :category
dv.rename_categories :a => :b
dv
# => #<Daru::Vector(5)>
#   0   b
#   1   1
#   2   b
#   3   1
#   4   c

Parameters:

  • old_to_new (Hash) —

    a hash mapping categories whose name to be changed to their new names



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 358

def rename_categories old_to_new
  old_categories = categories
  data = to_a.map do |cat|
    old_to_new.include?(cat) ? old_to_new[cat] : cat
  end

  initialize_core_attributes data
  self.categories = (old_categories - old_to_new.keys) | old_to_new.values
  self.base_category = old_to_new[base_category] if
    old_to_new.include? base_category
  self
end

#reorder!(order) ⇒ Object

Note:

Unlike #reindex! which takes index as input, it takes positions as an input to reorder the vector

Reorder the vector with given positions

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [3, 2, 1], index: ['c', 'b', 'a'], type: :category
dv.reorder! [2, 1, 0]
# => #<Daru::Vector(3)>
#   a   1
#   b   2
#   c   3

Parameters:

  • order (Array) —

    the order to reorder the vector with

Returns:

  • reordered vector

Raises:

  • (ArgumentError) 


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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 543

def reorder! order
  raise ArgumentError, 'Invalid order specified' unless
    order.sort == size.times.to_a
  # TODO: Room for optimization
  old_data = to_a
  new_data = order.map { |i| old_data[i] }
  initialize_core_attributes new_data
  self
end

#replace_values(old_values, new_value) ⇒ Daru::Vector

Note:

It performs the replace in place.

Replaces specified values with a new value

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [1, 2, :a, :b]
dv.replace_values [:a, :b], nil
dv
# =>
# #<Daru::Vector:19903200 @name = nil @metadata = {} @size = 4 >
#     nil
#   0   1
#   1   2
#   2 nil
#   3 nil

Parameters:

  • old_values (Array) —

    array of values to replace

  • new_value (object) —

    new value to replace with

Returns:

  • (Daru::Vector) —

    Same vector itself with values replaced with new value



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 745

def replace_values old_values, new_value
  old_values = [old_values] unless old_values.is_a? Array
  rename_hash = old_values.map { |v| [v, new_value] }.to_h
  rename_categories rename_hash
end

#set_at(positions, val) ⇒ Object

Modifies values at specified positions.

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [:a, 1, :a, 1, :c], type: :category
dv.add_category :b
dv.set_at [0, 1], :b
# => #<Daru::Vector(5)>
#   0   b
#   1   b
#   2   a
#   3   1
#   4   c

Parameters:

  • positions (Array) —

    positions at which to modify value

  • val (object) —

    value to assign at specific positions

Returns:

  • modified vector



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 277

def set_at positions, val
  validate_positions(*positions)
  positions.map { |pos| modify_category_at pos, val }
  self
end

#size ⇒ Object

Size of categorical data.

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [:a, 1, :a, 1, :c], type: :category
dv.size
# => 5

Returns:

  • total number of values in the vector



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 289

def size
  @array.size
end

#sort ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 459

def sort
  dup.sort!
end

#sort! ⇒ Daru::Vector

Note:

This operation will only work if vector is ordered. To set the vector ordered, do ‘vector.ordered = true`

Sorts the vector in the order specified.

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new ['second', 'second', 'third', 'first'],
  categories: ['first', 'second', 'thrid'],
  type: :categories,
  ordered: true
dv.sort!
# => #<Daru::Vector(4)>
#       3  first
#       0 second
#       1 second
#       2  third

Returns:



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 436

def sort! # rubocop:disable Metrics/AbcSize
  # TODO: Simply the code
  assert_ordered :sort

  # Build sorted index
  old_index = @index.to_a
  new_index = @cat_hash.values.map do |positions|
    old_index.values_at(*positions)
  end.flatten
  @index = @index.class.new new_index

  # Build sorted data
  @cat_hash = categories.inject([{}, 0]) do |acc, cat|
    hash, count = acc
    cat_count = @cat_hash[cat].size
    cat_count.times { |i| @array[count+i] = int_from_cat(cat) }
    hash[cat] = (count...(cat_count+count)).to_a
    [hash, count + cat_count]
  end.first

  self
end

#to_a ⇒ Array

Returns all categorical data

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [:a, 1, :a, 1, :c], type: :category
dv.to_a
# => [:a, 1, :a, 1, :c]

Returns:

  • (Array) —

    array of all categorical data which vector is storing



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 100

def to_a
  each.to_a
end

#to_category ⇒ Daru::Vector

Does nothing since its already of type category.

Returns:



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 646

def to_category
  self
end

#to_ints ⇒ Array

Returns integer coding for categorical data in the order starting from 0. For example if order is [:a, :b, :c], then :a, will be coded as 0, :b as 1 and :c as 2

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new [:a, 1, :a, 1, :c],
  type: :category,
  categories: [:a, :b, :c, 1]
dv.to_ints
# => [0, 1, 0, 1, 2]

Returns:

  • (Array) —

    integer coding of all values of vector



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 527

def to_ints
  @array
end

#to_non_category ⇒ Daru::Vector

Converts a category type vector to non category type vector

Returns:



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 652

def to_non_category
  Daru::Vector.new to_a, name: name, index: index
end

#where(bool_array) ⇒ Daru::Vector

For querying the data

Examples:

dv = Daru::Vector.new ['I', 'II', 'I', 'III', 'I', 'II'],
  type: :category,
  ordered: true,
  categories: ['I', 'II', 'III']
dv.where(dv.mt('I') & dv.lt('III'))
# => #<Daru::Vector(2)>
#   1  II
#   5  II

Parameters:

  • bool_array (object) —

    arel like query syntax

Returns:



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# File 'lib/daru/category.rb', line 610

def where bool_array
  Daru::Core::Query.vector_where self, bool_array
end