Module: PWN::Plugins::TransparentBrowser

Defined in:
lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb

Overview

This plugin rocks. Chrome, Firefox, headless, REST Client, all from the comfort of one plugin. Proxy support (e.g. Burp Suite Professional) is completely available for all browsers except for limited functionality within IE (IE has interesting protections in place to prevent this). This plugin also supports taking screenshots :)

Constant Summary collapse

@@logger = 
PWN::Plugins::PWNLogger.create

Class Method Summary collapse

Class Method Details

.authors ⇒ Object

Author(s)

0day Inc. <[email protected]>



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# File 'lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb', line 1237

public_class_method def self.authors
  "AUTHOR(S):
    0day Inc. <[email protected]>
  "
end

.close(opts = {}) ⇒ Object

Supported Method Parameters

browser_obj1 = PWN::Plugins::TransparentBrowser.close(

browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)'

)



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# File 'lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb', line 1217

public_class_method def self.close(opts = {})
  browser_obj = opts[:browser_obj]

  return nil unless browser_obj.is_a?(Hash)

  browser = browser_obj[:browser]
  tor_obj = browser_obj[:tor_obj]

  PWN::Plugins::Tor.stop(tor_obj: browser_obj[:tor_obj]) if tor_obj

  # Close the browser unless browser.nil? (thus the &)
  browser&.close unless browser == RestClient

  nil
rescue StandardError => e
  raise e
end

.close_tab(opts = {}) ⇒ Object

Supported Method Parameters

tab = PWN::Plugins::TransparentBrowser.close_tab(

browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)',
index: 'optional - index of tab to close (defaults to closing active tab)',
keyword: 'optional - keyword in title or url used to close tabs (defaults to closing active tab)'

)



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# File 'lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb', line 881

public_class_method def self.close_tab(opts = {})
  browser_obj = opts[:browser_obj]
  verified = verify_devtools_browser(browser_obj: browser_obj)
  puts 'This browser is not supported for DevTools operations.' unless verified
  return unless verified

  index = opts[:index]
  keyword = opts[:keyword]

  tabs_arr_hash = list_tabs(browser_obj: browser_obj)
  browser_ready_to_close = true if tabs_arr_hash.length == 1

  if browser_ready_to_close
    close(browser_obj: browser_obj)
    return [{ index: nil, title: nil, url: nil, state: :browser_closed }]
  elsif index.nil? && keyword.nil?
    index = browser_obj[:browser].driver.window_handle
    browser_obj[:browser].driver.switch_to.window(index)
    browser_obj[:browser].driver.close
    new_tab_index_arr = browser_obj[:browser].driver.window_handles
    if new_tab_index_arr.any?
      new_tab_index = new_tab_index_arr.last
      browser_obj[:browser].driver.switch_to.window(new_tab_index)
    end
  elsif index
    browser_obj[:browser].driver.switch_to.window(index)
    browser_obj[:browser].driver.close
    new_tab_index_arr = browser_obj[:browser].driver.window_handles
    if new_tab_index_arr.any?
      new_tab_index = new_tab_index_arr.last
      browser_obj[:browser].driver.switch_to.window(new_tab_index)
    end
  else
    active_tab = tabs_arr_hash.find { |tab| tab[:state] == :active }
    if active_tab[:url].include?(keyword)
      inactive_tabs = tabs_arr_hash.reject { |tab| tab[:url] == browser_obj[:browser].url }
      if inactive_tabs.any?
        tab_to_activate = inactive_tabs.last[:url]
        jmp_tab(browser_obj: browser_obj, keyword: tab_to_activate)
      end
    end
    all_tabs = browser_obj[:browser].windows

    tabs_to_close = all_tabs.select { |tab| tab.title.include?(keyword) || tab.url.include?(keyword) }
    tabs_to_close.each(&:close)
  end

  list_tabs(browser_obj: browser_obj)
rescue StandardError => e
  raise e
end

.console(opts = {}) ⇒ Object

Supported Method Parameters

console_resp = PWN::Plugins::TransparentBrowser.console(

browser_obj: browser_obj1,
js: 'required - JavaScript expression to evaluate',
return_to: 'optional - return to :console or :stdout (defaults to :console)'

)



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# File 'lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb', line 457

public_class_method def self.console(opts = {})
  browser_obj = opts[:browser_obj]
  verified = verify_devtools_browser(browser_obj: browser_obj)
  puts 'This browser is not supported for DevTools operations.' unless verified
  return unless verified

  js = opts[:js] ||= "alert('ACK from => #{self}')"
  return_to = opts[:return_to] ||= :console
  raise 'ERROR: return_to parameter must be :console or :stdout' unless %i[console stdout].include?(return_to.to_s.downcase.to_sym)

  case js
  when 'clear', 'clear;', 'clear()', 'clear();'
    script = 'console.clear()'
  else
    case return_to.to_s.downcase.to_sym
    when :stdout
      script = "return #{js}"
    when :console
      script = "console.log(#{js})"
    end
  end

  console_resp = nil
  begin
    Timeout.timeout(1) { console_resp = browser_obj[:browser].execute_script(script) }
  rescue Timeout::Error, Timeout::ExitException
    console_resp
  rescue Selenium::WebDriver::Error::JavascriptError
    script = js
    retry
  end

  console_resp
rescue StandardError => e
  raise e
end

.debugger(opts = {}) ⇒ Object

Supported Method Parameters

PWN::Plugins::TransparentBrowser.debugger(

browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)',
action: 'optional - action to take :pause|:resume (Defaults to :pause)',
url: 'optional - URL to navigate to after pausing debugger (Defaults to nil)'

)



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# File 'lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb', line 940

public_class_method def self.debugger(opts = {})
  browser_obj = opts[:browser_obj]
  supported = %i[chrome headless_chrome]
  verified = verify_devtools_browser(browser_obj: browser_obj, supported: supported)
  puts 'This browser is not supported for DevTools operations.' unless verified
  return unless verified

  action = opts[:action] ||= :pause
  url = opts[:url]

  case action.to_s.downcase.to_sym
  when :pause
    browser_obj[:devtools].send_cmd(
      'EventBreakpoints.setInstrumentationBreakpoint',
      eventName: 'scriptFirstStatement'
    )
    # browser_obj[:devtools].send_cmd('Debugger.enable')
    # browser_obj[:devtools].send_cmd(
    #   'Debugger.setInstrumentationBreakpoint',
    #   instrumentation: 'beforeScriptExecution'
    # )

    # browser_obj[:devtools].send_cmd(
    #   'EventBreakpoints.setInstrumentationBreakpoint',
    #   eventName: 'load'
    # )

    # browser_obj[:devtools].send_cmd(
    #   'Debugger.setPauseOnExceptions',
    #   state: 'all'
    # )

    begin
      Timeout.timeout(1) do
        browser_obj[:browser].refresh if url.nil?
        browser_obj[:browser].goto(url) unless url.nil?
      end
    rescue Timeout::Error
      url
    end
  when :resume
    browser_obj[:devtools].send_cmd(
      'EventBreakpoints.removeInstrumentationBreakpoint',
      eventName: 'scriptFirstStatement'
    )
    browser_obj[:devtools].send_cmd('Debugger.resume')
  else
    raise 'ERROR: action parameter must be :pause or :resume'
  end
rescue StandardError => e
  raise e
end

.dom(opts = {}) ⇒ Object

Supported Method Parameters

current_dom = PWN::Plugins::TransparentBrowser.dom(

browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)'

)



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# File 'lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb', line 998

public_class_method def self.dom(opts = {})
  browser_obj = opts[:browser_obj]
  supported = %i[chrome headless_chrome]
  verified = verify_devtools_browser(browser_obj: browser_obj, supported: supported)
  puts 'This browser is not supported for DevTools operations.' unless verified
  return unless verified

  computed_styles = %i[display color font-size font-family]
  browser_obj[:devtools].send_cmd(
    'DOMSnapshot.captureSnapshot',
    computedStyles: computed_styles
  ).transform_keys(&:to_sym)
rescue StandardError => e
  raise e
end

.dump_links(opts = {}) ⇒ Object

Supported Method Parameters

browser_obj = PWN::Plugins::TransparentBrowser.dump_links(

browser_obj: browser_obj1

)



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# File 'lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb', line 369

public_class_method def self.dump_links(opts = {})
  browser_obj = opts[:browser_obj]

  dump_links_arr = []
  browser_obj[:browser].links.each do |link|
    link_hash = {}

    link_hash[:text] = link.text
    link_hash[:href] = link.href
    link_hash[:id] = link.id
    link_hash[:name] = link.name
    link_hash[:class_name] = link.class_name
    link_hash[:html] = link.html
    link_hash[:target] = link.target
    dump_links_arr.push(link_hash)

    yield link if block_given?
  end

  dump_links_arr
rescue StandardError => e
  raise e
end

.find_elements_by_text(opts = {}) ⇒ Object

Supported Method Parameters

browser_obj = PWN::Plugins::TransparentBrowser.find_elements_by_text(

browser_obj: browser_obj1,
text: 'required - text to search for in the DOM'

)



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# File 'lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb', line 399

public_class_method def self.find_elements_by_text(opts = {})
  browser_obj = opts[:browser_obj]
  text = opts[:text].to_s

  elements = browser_obj[:browser].elements
  elements_found_arr = []
  elements.each do |element|
    begin
      if element.text == text || element.value == text
        element_hash = {}
        element_hash[:tag_name] = element.tag_name
        element_hash[:html] = element.html
        elements_found_arr.push(element_hash)

        yield element if block_given?
      end
    rescue NoMethodError
      next
    end
  end

  elements_found_arr
rescue StandardError => e
  puts e.backtrace
  raise e
end

.help ⇒ Object

Display Usage for this Module



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# File 'lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb', line 1245

public_class_method def self.help
  puts "USAGE:
    browser_obj1 = #{self}.open(
      browser_type: 'optional - :firefox|:chrome|:headless|:rest|:websocket (defaults to :chrome)',
      proxy: 'optional scheme://proxy_host:port || tor (defaults to nil)',
      devtools: 'optional - boolean (defaults to false)'
    )
    browser = browser_obj1[:browser]
    puts browser.public_methods

    ********************************************************
    * DevTools Interaction
    * All DevTools Commands can be found here:
    * https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/
    * Examples
    devtools = browser_obj1[:devtools]
    puts devtools.public_methods
    puts devtools.instance_variables
    puts devtools.instance_variable_get('@session_id')

    websocket = devtools.instance_variable_get('@ws')
    puts websocket.public_methods
    puts websocket.instance_variables
    puts websocket.instance_variable_get('@messages')

    * Tracing
    devtools.send_cmd('Tracing.start')
    devtools.send_cmd('Tracing.requestMemoryDump')
    devtools.send_cmd('Tracing.end')
    puts devtools.instance_variable_get('@messages')

    * Network
    devtools.send_cmd('Network.enable')
    last_ws_resp = devtools.instance_variable_get('@messages').last if devtools.instance_variable_get('@messages').last['method'] == 'Network.webSocketFrameReceived'
    puts last_ws_resp
    devtools.send_cmd('Network.disable')

    * Debugging DOM and Sending JavaScript to Console
    devtools.send_cmd('Runtime.enable')
    devtools.send_cmd('Console.enable')
    devtools.send_cmd('DOM.enable')
    devtools.send_cmd('Page.enable')
    devtools.send_cmd('Log.enable')
    devtools.send_cmd('Debugger.enable')
    devtools.send_cmd('Debugger.pause')
    step = 1
    next_step = 60
    loop do
      devtools.send_cmd('Console.clearMessages')
      devtools.send_cmd('Log.clear')
      console_events = []
      browser.driver.on_log_event(:console) { |event| console_events.push(event) }

      devtools.send_cmd('Debugger.stepInto')
      puts \"Step: \#{step}\"

      this_document = devtools.send_cmd('DOM.getDocument')
      puts \"This #document:\\n\#{this_document}\\n\\n\\n\"

      console_cmd = {
        expression: 'for(var pop_var in window) { if (window.hasOwnProperty(pop_var) && window[pop_var] != null) console.log(pop_var + \" = \" + window[pop_var]); }'
      }
      puts devtools.send_cmd('Runtime.evaluate', **console_cmd)

      print '-' * 180
      print \"\\n\"
      console_events.each do |event|
        puts event.args
      end
      puts \"Console Response Length: \#{console_events.length}\"
      console_events_digest = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.hexdigest(
        console_events.inspect
      )
      puts \"Console Events Array SHA256 Digest: \#{console_events_digest}\"
      print '-' * 180
      puts \"\\n\\n\\n\"

      print \"Next Step in \"
      next_step.downto(1) {|n| print \"\#{n} \"; sleep 1 }
      puts 'READY!'
      step += 1
    end

    devtools.send_cmd('Debugger.disable')
    devtools.send_cmd('Log.disable')
    devtools.send_cmd('Page.disable')
    devtools.send_cmd('DOM.disable')
    devtools.send_cmd('Console.disable')
    devtools.send_cmd('Runtime.disable')
    * End of DevTools Examples
    ********************************************************

    browser_obj1 = #{self}.dump_links(
      browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)'
    )

    browser_obj1 = #{self}.find_elements_by_text(
      browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)',
      text: 'required - text to search for in the DOM'
    )

    #{self}.type_as_human(
      string: 'required - string to type as human',
      rand_sleep_float: 'optional - float timing in between keypress (defaults to 0.09)'
    ) {|char| browser_obj1.text_field(name: \"search\").send_keys(char) }

    console_resp = #{self}.console(
      browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)',
      js: 'required - JavaScript expression to evaluate',
      return_to: 'optional - return to :console or :stdout (defaults to :console)'
    )

    console_resp = #{self}.view_dom_mutations(
      browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)',
      index: 'optional - index of tab to switch to (defaults to active tab)',
      target: 'optional - target JavaScript node to observe (defaults to document.body)'
    )

    console_resp = #{self}.hide_dom_mutations(
      browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)',
      index: 'optional - index of tab to switch to (defaults to active tab)'
    )

    #{self}.update_about_config(
      browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)',
      key: 'required - key to update in about:config',
      value: 'required - value to set for key in about:config'
    )

    tabs = #{self}.list_tabs(
      browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)'
    )

    tab = #{self}.jmp_tab(
      browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)',
      index: 'optional - index of tab to switch to (defaults to switching to next tab)',
      keyword: 'optional - keyword in title or url used to switch tabs (defaults to switching to next tab)',
    )

    tab = #{self}.new_tab(
      browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)',
      url: 'optional - URL to open in new tab'
    )

    tab = #{self}.close_tab(
      browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)',
      index: 'optional - index of tab to close (defaults to closing active tab)',
      keyword: 'optional - keyword in title or url used to close tabs (defaults to closing active tab)'
    )

    #{self}.debugger(
      browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)',
      action: 'optional - action to take :pause|:resume (Defaults to :pause)',
      url: 'optional - URL to navigate to after pausing debugger (Defaults to nil)'
    )

    current_dom = #{self}.dom(
      browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)'
    )

    #{self}.step_into(
      browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)',
      steps: 'optional - number of steps taken (Defaults to 1)'
    )

    #{self}.step_out(
      browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)',
      steps: 'optional - number of steps taken (Defaults to 1)'
    )

    #{self}.step_over(
      browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)',
      steps: 'optional - number of steps taken (Defaults to 1)'
    )

    #{self}.toggle_devtools(
      browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)'
    )

    #{self}.jmp_devtools_panel(
      browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)',
      panel: 'optional - panel to switch to :elements|:inspector|:console|:debugger|:sources|:network'
    )

    browser_obj1 = #{self}.close(
      browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)'
    )

    #{self}.authors
  "
end

.hide_dom_mutations(opts = {}) ⇒ Object

Supported Method Parameters

console_resp = PWN::Plugins::TransparentBrowser.hide_dom_mutations(

browser_obj: browser_obj1,
index: 'optional - index of tab to switch to (defaults to active tab)'

)



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# File 'lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb', line 679

public_class_method def self.hide_dom_mutations(opts = {})
  browser_obj = opts[:browser_obj]
  verified = verify_devtools_browser(browser_obj: browser_obj)
  puts 'This browser is not supported for DevTools operations.' unless verified
  return unless verified

  index = opts[:index]
  jmp_tab(browser_obj: browser_obj, index: index) if index

  jmp_devtools_panel(
    browser_obj: browser_obj,
    panel: :console
  )

  js = <<~JAVASCRIPT
    if (typeof hide_dom_mutations === 'function') {
      hide_dom_mutations();
      console.log('DOM mutation observer and event listeners disabled.');
    } else {
      console.log('Error: hide_dom_mutations function not found. DOM mutation observer was not active.');
    }
  JAVASCRIPT

  console(browser_obj: browser_obj, js: 'clear();')
  browser_obj[:browser].execute_script(js)
rescue StandardError => e
  raise e
end

.jmp_devtools_panel(opts = {}) ⇒ Object

Supported Method Parameters

PWN::Plugins::TransparentBrowser.jmp_devtools_panel(

browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)',
panel: 'optional - panel to switch to :elements|:inspector|:console|:debugger|:sources|:network

)



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# File 'lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb', line 1160

public_class_method def self.jmp_devtools_panel(opts = {})
  browser_obj = opts[:browser_obj]
  verified = verify_devtools_browser(browser_obj: browser_obj)
  puts 'This browser is not supported for DevTools operations.' unless verified
  return unless verified

  panel = opts[:panel] ||= :elements
  browser = browser_obj[:browser]
  browser_type = browser_obj[:type]
  firefox_types = %i[firefox headless_firefox]
  chrome_types = %i[chrome headless_chrome]

  # TODO: Find replacement for hotkey - there must be a better way.
  hotkey = []
  case PWN::Plugins::DetectOS.type
  when :linux, :openbsd, :windows
    hotkey = %i[control shift]
  when :macos
    hotkey = %i[command option]
  end

  case panel
  when :elements, :inspector
    hotkey.push('i') if chrome_types.include?(browser_type)
    hotkey.push('c') if firefox_types.include?(browser_type)
  when :console
    hotkey.push('j') if chrome_types.include?(browser_type)
    hotkey.push('k') if firefox_types.include?(browser_type)
  when :debugger, :sources
    hotkey.push('s') if chrome_types.include?(browser_type)
    if firefox_types.include?(browser_type)
      # If we're in the console, we need to switch to the inspector first
      jmp_devtools_panel(browser_obj: browser_obj, panel: :inspector)
      sleep 1
      hotkey.push('z')
    end
  when :network
    hotkey.push('e') if firefox_types.include?(browser_type)
  else
    raise 'ERROR: panel parameter must be :elements|:inspector|:console|:debugger|:sources|:network'
  end

  browser_obj[:browser].send_keys(:escape)

  # Have to call twice for Chrome, otherwise devtools stays closed
  browser_obj[:browser].send_keys(hotkey)
  # browser.send_keys(hotkey) if chrome_types.include?(browser_type)
  browser.send_keys(:escape)
rescue StandardError => e
  raise e
end

.jmp_tab(opts = {}) ⇒ Object

Supported Method Parameters

tab = PWN::Plugins::TransparentBrowser.jmp_tab(

browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)',
index: 'optional - index of tab to switch to (defaults to switching to next tab)',
keyword: 'optional - keyword in title or url used to switch tabs (defaults to switching to next tab)'

)



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# File 'lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb', line 793

public_class_method def self.jmp_tab(opts = {})
  browser_obj = opts[:browser_obj]
  verified = verify_devtools_browser(browser_obj: browser_obj)
  puts 'This browser is not supported for DevTools operations.' unless verified
  return unless verified

  index = opts[:index]
  keyword = opts[:keyword]

  tabs_arr_hash = list_tabs(browser_obj: browser_obj)

  if index.nil? && keyword.nil?
    # If no keyword is provided, switch to the next tab in the list
    active_tab_index = tabs_arr_hash.find_index { |tab| tab[:state] == :active }
    next_tab_index = (active_tab_index + 1) % tabs_arr_hash.size
    # Find value of :index key from tabs_arr_hash
    tab_sel = tabs_arr_hash[next_tab_index]
  elsif index
    tab_sel = tabs_arr_hash.find { |tab| tab[:index] == index }
  else
    tab_sel = tabs_arr_hash.find { |tab| tab[:title].include?(keyword) || tab[:url].include?(keyword) }
  end

  if tab_sel.is_a?(Hash) && tab_sel[:index]
    index = tab_sel[:index]
    browser_obj[:browser].driver.switch_to.window(index)
  else
    tab_sel = { index: index, error: 'not found' }
  end

  tab_sel
rescue StandardError => e
  raise e
end

.list_tabs(opts = {}) ⇒ Object

Supported Method Parameters

tabs = PWN::Plugins::TransparentBrowser.list_tabs(

browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)'

)



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# File 'lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb', line 747

public_class_method def self.list_tabs(opts = {})
  browser_obj = opts[:browser_obj]
  verified = verify_devtools_browser(browser_obj: browser_obj)
  puts 'This browser is not supported for DevTools operations.' unless verified
  return unless verified

  current_window_handle = browser_obj[:browser].driver.window_handle

  tabs_arr_hash = []
  browser_obj[:browser].driver.window_handles.each do |window_handle|
    # Skip DevTools tabs
    browser_obj[:browser].driver.switch_to.window(window_handle)
    title = browser_obj[:browser].execute_script('return document.title')
    url = browser_obj[:browser].execute_script('return document.location.href')
    next if url.include?('devtools://')

    # Get title and URL without switching tabs

    state = window_handle == current_window_handle ? :active : :inactive

    tabs_arr_hash << { index: window_handle, title: title, url: url, state: state }
  ensure
    # Ensure we return to the original active tab
    browser_obj[:browser].driver.switch_to.window(current_window_handle)
  end

  # Ensure we have a visible tab that's active
  active_tab = tabs_arr_hash.find { |tab| tab[:state] == :active } || tabs_arr_hash.first
  # Switch to the active tab if it exists
  browser_obj[:browser].driver.switch_to.window(active_tab[:index]) if active_tab

  tabs_arr_hash
rescue Selenium::WebDriver::Error::NoSuchWindowError => e
  puts "Error: No valid window handles available (#{e.message})"
  [] # Return empty array if no tabs are available
rescue StandardError => e
  raise "Failed to list tabs: #{e.message}"
end

.new_tab(opts = {}) ⇒ Object

Supported Method Parameters

tab = PWN::Plugins::TransparentBrowser.new_tab(

browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)',
url: 'optional - URL to open in new tab'

)



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# File 'lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb', line 834

public_class_method def self.new_tab(opts = {})
  browser_obj = opts[:browser_obj]
  verified = verify_devtools_browser(browser_obj: browser_obj)
  puts 'This browser is not supported for DevTools operations.' unless verified
  return unless verified

  url = opts[:url]
  chrome_types = %i[chrome headless_chrome]
  firefox_types = %i[firefox headless_firefox]

  browser_type = browser_obj[:type]

  if url.nil? || url.empty?
    url = 'about:about' if firefox_types.include?(browser_type)
    url = 'chrome://chrome-urls/' if chrome_types.include?(browser_type)
  end

  # Open a new tab
  console(
    browser_obj: browser_obj,
    js: "window.open('#{url}', '_blank')",
    return_to: :stdout
  )

  # tabs_arr_hash = list_tabs(browser_obj: browser_obj)
  # new_tab_index = tabs_arr_hash.find { |tab| tab[:state] == :inactive && tab[:url] == url }[:index]
  # jmp_tab(browser_obj: browser_obj, index: new_tab_index)
  jmp_tab(browser_obj: browser_obj)
  new_tab_index = browser_obj[:browser].driver.window_handles.last

  rand_tab = SecureRandom.hex(8)
  browser_obj[:browser].execute_script("document.title = 'about:about-#{rand_tab}'")
  toggle_devtools(browser_obj: browser_obj) if browser_obj[:devtools]

  { index: new_tab_index, title: browser_obj[:browser].title, url: browser_obj[:browser].url, state: :active }
rescue StandardError => e
  puts e.backtrace
  raise e
end

.open(opts = {}) ⇒ Object

Supported Method Parameters

browser_obj1 = PWN::Plugins::TransparentBrowser.open(

browser_type: 'optional - :firefox|:chrome|:headless|:rest|:websocket (defaults to :chrome)',
proxy: 'optional - scheme://proxy_host:port || tor (defaults to nil)',
devtools: 'optional - boolean (defaults to false)',

)



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# File 'lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb', line 50

public_class_method def self.open(opts = {})
  browser_type = opts[:browser_type] ||= :chrome
  proxy = opts[:proxy].to_s unless opts[:proxy].nil?

  browser_obj = {}
  browser_obj[:type] = browser_type

  tor_obj = nil
  if opts[:proxy] == 'tor'
    tor_obj = PWN::Plugins::Tor.start
    proxy = "socks5://#{tor_obj[:ip]}:#{tor_obj[:port]}"
    browser_obj[:tor_obj] = tor_obj
  end

  devtools_supported = %i[chrome headless_chrome firefox headless_firefox headless]
  devtools = opts[:devtools] ||= false
  devtools = true if devtools_supported.include?(browser_type) && devtools

  # Let's crank up the default timeout from 30 seconds to 15 min for slow sites
  Watir.default_timeout = 900

  args = []
  # args.push('--start-maximized')
  args.push('--disable-notifications')

  unless browser_type == :rest
    logger = Selenium::WebDriver.logger
    logger.level = :error
  end

  case browser_type
  when :firefox
    this_profile = Selenium::WebDriver::Firefox::Profile.new

    # Increase Web Assembly Verbosity
    this_profile['javascript.options.wasm_verbose'] = true

    # Downloads reside in ~/Downloads
    this_profile['browser.download.folderList'] = 1
    this_profile['browser.helperApps.neverAsk.saveToDisk'] = 'application/pdf'

    # disable Firefox's built-in PDF viewer
    this_profile['pdfjs.disabled'] = true

    # disable Adobe Acrobat PDF preview plugin
    this_profile['plugin.scan.plid.all'] = false
    this_profile['plugin.scan.Acrobat'] = '99.0'

    # ensure localhost proxy capabilities are enabled
    this_profile['network.proxy.no_proxies_on'] = ''

    # allow scripts to run a bit longer
    # this_profile['dom.max_chrome_script_run_time'] = 180
    # this_profile['dom.max_script_run_time'] = 180

    # disable browser cache
    this_profile['browser.cache.disk.enable'] = false
    this_profile['browser.cache.disk_cache_ssl.enable'] = false
    this_profile['browser.cache.memory.enable'] = false
    this_profile['browser.cache.offline.enable'] = false
    this_profile['devtools.cache.disabled'] = true
    this_profile['dom.caches.enabled'] = false

    if devtools
      # args.push('--start-debugger-server')
      # this_profile['devtools.debugger.remote-enabled'] = true
      # this_profile['devtools.debugger.remote-host'] = 'localhost'
      # this_profile['devtools.debugger.remote-port'] = 6000

      # DevTools ToolBox Settings in Firefox about:config
      this_profile['devtools.f12.enabled'] = true
      this_profile['devtools.toolbox.host'] = 'right'
      this_profile['devtools.toolbox.selectedTool'] = 'jsdebugger'
      this_profile['devtools.toolbox.sidebar.width'] = 1700
      this_profile['devtools.toolbox.splitconsoleHeight'] = 200

      # DevTools Debugger Settings in Firefox about:config
      this_profile['devtools.chrome.enabled'] = true
      this_profile['devtools.debugger.start-panel-size'] = 200
      this_profile['devtools.debugger.end-panel-size'] = 200
      this_profile['devtools.debugger.auto-pretty-print'] = true
      this_profile['devtools.debugger.ui.editor-wrapping'] = true
      this_profile['devtools.debugger.features.javascript-tracing'] = true
      this_profile['devtools.debugger.xhr-breakpoints-visible'] = true
      this_profile['devtools.debugger.expressions-visible'] = true
      this_profile['devtools.debugger.dom-mutation-breakpoints-visible'] = true
      this_profile['devtools.debugger.features.async-live-stacks'] = true
      this_profile['devtools.debugger.features.autocomplete-expressions'] = true
      this_profile['devtools.debugger.features.code-folding'] = true
      this_profile['devtools.debugger.features.command-click'] = true
      this_profile['devtools.debugger.features.component-pane'] = true
      this_profile['devtools.debugger.map-scopes-enabled'] = true

      # Never optimize out variables in the debugger
      this_profile['javascript.options.baselinejit'] = false
      this_profile['javascript.options.ion'] = false
    end

    # caps = Selenium::WebDriver::Remote::Capabilities.firefox
    # caps[:acceptInsecureCerts] = true

    if proxy
      this_profile['network.proxy.type'] = 1
      this_profile['network.proxy.allow_hijacking_localhost'] = true
      if tor_obj
        this_profile['network.proxy.socks_version'] = 5
        this_profile['network.proxy.socks'] = tor_obj[:ip]
        this_profile['network.proxy.socks_port'] = tor_obj[:port]
      else
        this_profile['network.proxy.ftp'] = URI(proxy).host
        this_profile['network.proxy.ftp_port'] = URI(proxy).port
        this_profile['network.proxy.http'] = URI(proxy).host
        this_profile['network.proxy.http_port'] = URI(proxy).port
        this_profile['network.proxy.ssl'] = URI(proxy).host
        this_profile['network.proxy.ssl_port'] = URI(proxy).port
      end
    end

    # Private browsing mode
    args.push('--private')
    options = Selenium::WebDriver::Firefox::Options.new(
      args: args,
      accept_insecure_certs: true
    )

    # This is required for BiDi support
    options.web_socket_url = true
    options.add_preference('remote.active-protocols', 3)
    options.profile = this_profile
    driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for(:firefox, options: options)
    browser_obj[:browser] = Watir::Browser.new(driver)

  when :chrome
    this_profile = Selenium::WebDriver::Chrome::Profile.new
    this_profile['download.prompt_for_download'] = false
    this_profile['download.default_directory'] = '~/Downloads'

    if proxy
      args.push("--host-resolver-rules='MAP * 0.0.0.0 , EXCLUDE #{tor_obj[:ip]}'") if tor_obj
      args.push("--proxy-server=#{proxy}")
    end

    if devtools
      args.push('--auto-open-devtools-for-tabs')
      args.push('--disable-hang-monitor')
    end

    # Incognito browsing mode
    args.push('--incognito')
    options = Selenium::WebDriver::Chrome::Options.new(
      args: args,
      accept_insecure_certs: true
    )

    # This is required for BiDi support
    options.web_socket_url = true
    options.add_preference('remote.active-protocols', 3)
    options.profile = this_profile
    driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for(:chrome, options: options)
    browser_obj[:browser] = Watir::Browser.new(driver)

  when :headless, :headless_firefox
    this_profile = Selenium::WebDriver::Firefox::Profile.new

    # Increase Web Assembly Verbosity
    this_profile['javascript.options.wasm_verbose'] = true

    # Downloads reside in ~/Downloads
    this_profile['browser.download.folderList'] = 1
    this_profile['browser.helperApps.neverAsk.saveToDisk'] = 'application/pdf'

    # disable Firefox's built-in PDF viewer
    this_profile['pdfjs.disabled'] = true

    # disable Adobe Acrobat PDF preview plugin
    this_profile['plugin.scan.plid.all'] = false
    this_profile['plugin.scan.Acrobat'] = '99.0'

    # ensure localhost proxy capabilities are enabled
    this_profile['network.proxy.no_proxies_on'] = ''

    # allow scripts to run a bit longer
    # this_profile['dom.max_chrome_script_run_time'] = 180
    # this_profile['dom.max_script_run_time'] = 180

    # disable browser cache
    this_profile['browser.cache.disk.enable'] = false
    this_profile['browser.cache.disk_cache_ssl.enable'] = false
    this_profile['browser.cache.memory.enable'] = false
    this_profile['browser.cache.offline.enable'] = false
    this_profile['devtools.cache.disabled'] = true
    this_profile['dom.caches.enabled'] = false

    if proxy
      this_profile['network.proxy.type'] = 1
      this_profile['network.proxy.allow_hijacking_localhost'] = true
      if tor_obj
        this_profile['network.proxy.socks_version'] = 5
        this_profile['network.proxy.socks'] = tor_obj[:ip]
        this_profile['network.proxy.socks_port'] = tor_obj[:port]
      else
        this_profile['network.proxy.ftp'] = URI(proxy).host
        this_profile['network.proxy.ftp_port'] = URI(proxy).port
        this_profile['network.proxy.http'] = URI(proxy).host
        this_profile['network.proxy.http_port'] = URI(proxy).port
        this_profile['network.proxy.ssl'] = URI(proxy).host
        this_profile['network.proxy.ssl_port'] = URI(proxy).port
      end
    end

    args.push('--headless')
    # Private browsing mode
    args.push('--private')
    options = Selenium::WebDriver::Firefox::Options.new(
      args: args,
      accept_insecure_certs: true
    )

    # This is required for BiDi support
    options.web_socket_url = true
    options.add_preference('remote.active-protocols', 3)
    options.profile = this_profile
    driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for(:firefox, options: options)
    browser_obj[:browser] = Watir::Browser.new(driver)

  when :headless_chrome
    this_profile = Selenium::WebDriver::Chrome::Profile.new
    this_profile['download.prompt_for_download'] = false
    this_profile['download.default_directory'] = '~/Downloads'

    if proxy
      args.push("--host-resolver-rules='MAP * 0.0.0.0 , EXCLUDE #{tor_obj[:ip]}'") if tor_obj
      args.push("--proxy-server=#{proxy}")
    end

    args.push('--headless')
    # Incognito browsing mode
    args.push('--incognito')
    options = Selenium::WebDriver::Chrome::Options.new(
      args: args,
      accept_insecure_certs: true
    )

    # This is required for BiDi support
    options.web_socket_url = true
    options.add_preference('remote.active-protocols', 3)
    options.profile = this_profile
    driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for(:chrome, options: options)
    browser_obj[:browser] = Watir::Browser.new(driver)

  when :rest
    browser_obj[:browser] = RestClient
    if proxy
      if tor_obj
        TCPSocket.socks_server = tor_obj[:ip]
        TCPSocket.socks_port = tor_obj[:port]
      else
        browser_obj[:browser].proxy = proxy
      end
    end

  when :websocket
    if proxy
      if tor_obj
        TCPSocket.socks_server = tor_obj[:ip]
        TCPSocket.socks_port = tor_obj[:port]
      end
      proxy_opts = { origin: proxy }
      tls_opts = { verify_peer: false }
      browser_obj[:browser] = Faye::WebSocket::Client.new(
        '',
        [],
        {
          tls: tls_opts,
          proxy: proxy_opts
        }
      )
    else
      browser_obj[:browser] = Faye::WebSocket::Client.new('')
    end
  else
    puts 'Error: browser_type only supports :firefox, :chrome, :headless, :headless_chrome, :headless_firefox, :rest, :websocket'
    return nil
  end

  if devtools && devtools_supported.include?(browser_type)
    chrome_types = %i[chrome headless_chrome]
    firefox_types = %i[firefox headless_firefox]

    # Future BiDi API that's more universally supported across browsers
    sleep 0.01 until browser_obj[:browser].driver.window_handles.any?
    target_window_handle = browser_obj[:browser].driver.window_handles.last
    browser_obj[:browser].driver.switch_to.window(target_window_handle)

    url = 'about:about'
    url = 'chrome://chrome-urls/' if chrome_types.include?(browser_type)
    browser_obj[:browser].goto(url)
    rand_tab = SecureRandom.hex(8)
    browser_obj[:browser].execute_script("document.title = 'about:about-#{rand_tab}'")

    browser_obj[:browser].driver.manage.window.maximize
    toggle_devtools(browser_obj: browser_obj)

    browser_obj[:bidi] = browser_obj[:browser].driver.bidi
    browser_obj[:devtools] = browser_obj[:browser].driver.devtools if chrome_types.include?(browser_type)
    browser_obj[:devtools] = browser_obj[:browser].driver.bidi if firefox_types.include?(browser_type)
  end

  browser_obj
rescue StandardError => e
  puts e.backtrace
  raise e
end

.step_into(opts = {}) ⇒ Object

Supported Method Parameters

PWN::Plugins::TransparentBrowser.step_into(

browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)',
steps: 'optional - number of steps taken (Defaults to 1)'

)



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# File 'lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb', line 1020

public_class_method def self.step_into(opts = {})
  browser_obj = opts[:browser_obj]
  supported = %i[chrome headless_chrome]
  verified = verify_devtools_browser(browser_obj: browser_obj, supported: supported)
  puts 'This browser is not supported for DevTools operations.' unless verified
  return unless verified

  steps = opts[:steps].to_i
  steps = 1 if steps.zero? || steps.negative?

  diff_arr = []
  steps.times do |s|
    diff_hash = {}
    step = s + 1
    diff_hash[:step] = step

    dom_before = dom(browser_obj: browser_obj)
    diff_hash[:dom_before_step] = dom_before

    browser_obj[:devtools].send_cmd('Debugger.stepInto')

    dom_after = dom(browser_obj: browser_obj)
    diff_hash[:dom_after_step] = dom_after

    da = dom_before.to_a - dom_after.to_a
    diff_hash[:diff_dom] = da.to_h.transform_keys(&:to_sym)

    diff_arr.push(diff_hash)
  end

  diff_arr
rescue StandardError => e
  raise e
end

.step_out(opts = {}) ⇒ Object

Supported Method Parameters

PWN::Plugins::TransparentBrowser.step_out(

browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)',
steps: 'optional - number of steps taken (Defaults to 1)'

)



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# File 'lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb', line 1061

public_class_method def self.step_out(opts = {})
  browser_obj = opts[:browser_obj]
  supported = %i[chrome headless_chrome]
  verified = verify_devtools_browser(browser_obj: browser_obj, supported: supported)
  puts 'This browser is not supported for DevTools operations.' unless verified
  return unless verified

  steps = opts[:steps].to_i
  steps = 1 if steps.zero? || steps.negative?

  diff_arr = []
  steps.times do |s|
    diff_hash = {}
    step = s + 1
    diff_hash[:step] = step

    dom_before = dom(browser_obj: browser_obj)
    diff_hash[:pre_step] = dom_before

    browser_obj[:devtools].send_cmd('Debugger.stepOut')

    dom_after = dom(browser_obj: browser_obj, step_sum: step_sum)
    diff_hash[:post_step] = dom_after

    da = dom_before.to_a - dom_after.to_a
    diff_hash[:diff] = da.to_h.transform_keys(&:to_sym)

    diff_arr.push(diff_hash)
  end

  diff_arr
rescue StandardError => e
  raise e
end

.step_over(opts = {}) ⇒ Object

Supported Method Parameters

PWN::Plugins::TransparentBrowser.step_over(

browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)',
steps: 'optional - number of steps taken (Defaults to 1)'

)



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# File 'lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb', line 1102

public_class_method def self.step_over(opts = {})
  browser_obj = opts[:browser_obj]
  supported = %i[chrome headless_chrome]
  verified = verify_devtools_browser(browser_obj: browser_obj, supported: supported)
  puts 'This browser is not supported for DevTools operations.' unless verified
  return unless verified

  steps = opts[:steps].to_i
  steps = 1 if steps.zero? || steps.negative?

  diff_arr = []
  steps.times do |s|
    diff_hash = {}
    step = s + 1
    diff_hash[:step] = step

    dom_before = dom(browser_obj: browser_obj)
    diff_hash[:dom_before_step] = dom_before

    browser_obj[:devtools].send_cmd('Debugger.stepOver')

    dom_after = dom(browser_obj: browser_obj, step_sum: step_sum)
    diff_hash[:dom_after_step] = dom_after

    da = dom_before.to_a - dom_after.to_a
    diff_hash[:diff_dom] = da.to_h.transform_keys(&:to_sym)

    diff_arr.push(diff_hash)
  end

  diff_arr
rescue StandardError => e
  raise e
end

.toggle_devtools(opts = {}) ⇒ Object

Supported Method Parameters

PWN::Plugins::TransparentBrowser.toggle_devtools(

browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method)'

)



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# File 'lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb', line 1142

public_class_method def self.toggle_devtools(opts = {})
  browser_obj = opts[:browser_obj]
  verified = verify_devtools_browser(browser_obj: browser_obj)
  puts 'This browser is not supported for DevTools operations.' unless verified
  return unless verified

  # TODO: Find replacement for hotkey - there must be a better way.
  browser_obj[:browser].send_keys(:f12)
rescue StandardError => e
  raise e
end

.type_as_human(opts = {}) ⇒ Object

Supported Method Parameters

PWN::Plugins::TransparentBrowser.type_as_human(

string: 'required - string to type as human',
rand_sleep_float: 'optional - float timing in between keypress (defaults to 0.09)'

)



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# File 'lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb', line 432

public_class_method def self.type_as_human(opts = {})
  string = opts[:string].to_s

  rand_sleep_float = if opts[:rand_sleep_float]
                       opts[:rand_sleep_float].to_f
                     else
                       0.09
                     end

  string.each_char do |char|
    yield char

    sleep Random.rand(rand_sleep_float)
  end
rescue StandardError => e
  raise e
end

.update_about_config(opts = {}) ⇒ Object

Supported Method Parameters

PWN::Plugins::TransparentBrowser.update_about_config(

browser_obj: browser_obj1,
key: 'required - key to update in about:config',
value: 'required - value to set for key in about:config'

)



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# File 'lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb', line 714

public_class_method def self.update_about_config(opts = {})
  browser_obj = opts[:browser_obj]
  supported = %i[firefox headless_firefox]
  verified = verify_devtools_browser(browser_obj: browser_obj, supported: supported)
  puts 'This browser is not supported for DevTools operations.' unless verified
  return unless verified

  key = opts[:key]
  raise 'ERROR: key parameter is required' if key.nil?

  value = opts[:value]
  raise 'ERROR: value parameter is required' if value.nil?

  browser_type = browser_obj[:type]
  # chrome_types = %i[chrome headless_chrome]
  firefox_types = %i[firefox headless_firefox]

  browser_obj[:browser].goto('about:config')
  # Confirmed working in Firefox
  js = %{Services.prefs.setStringPref("#{key}", "#{value}")} if firefox_types.include?(browser_type)
  console(browser_obj: browser_obj, js: js)
  browser_obj[:browser].back
rescue Timeout::Error, Timeout::ExitException
  console_resp
rescue StandardError => e
  raise e
end

.view_dom_mutations(opts = {}) ⇒ Object

Supported Method Parameters: console_resp = PWN::Plugins::TransparentBrowser.view_dom_mutations(

browser_obj: 'required - browser_obj returned from #open method',
index: 'optional - index of tab to switch to (defaults to active tab)',
target: 'optional - target JavaScript node to observe (defaults to document.body)',
observe_clobbering: 'optional - boolean to enable DOM Clobbering detection (defaults to true)',
observe_redirects: 'optional - boolean to enable Insecure Redirect detection (defaults to true)',
observe_resources: 'optional - boolean to enable resource load monitoring (defaults to true)'

)



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# File 'lib/pwn/plugins/transparent_browser.rb', line 504

public_class_method def self.view_dom_mutations(opts = {})
  browser_obj = opts[:browser_obj]
  verified = verify_devtools_browser(browser_obj: browser_obj)
  puts 'This browser is not supported for DevTools operations.' unless verified
  return unless verified

  index = opts[:index]
  jmp_tab(browser_obj: browser_obj, index: index) if index

  target = opts[:target] ||= 'undefined'
  observe_clobbering = opts.fetch(:observe_clobbering, true)
  observe_redirects = opts.fetch(:observe_redirects, true)
  observe_resources = opts.fetch(:observe_resources, true)

  jmp_devtools_panel(
    browser_obj: browser_obj,
    panel: :console
  )

  js = <<~JAVASCRIPT
    // Select the target node to observe (default to document.body)
    const targetNode = document.getElementById(#{target}) || document.body;

    // Configuration for MutationObserver
    const config = {
      attributes: true,
      childList: true,
      subtree: true,
      characterData: true,
      attributeOldValue: true
    };

    // Exhaustive list of elements that can execute scripts or load resources
    const xssElements = [
      'SCRIPT', 'IFRAME', 'FRAME', 'OBJECT', 'EMBED', 'APPLET', 'SVG', 'IMG', 'VIDEO', 'AUDIO', 'LINK', 'META', 'BASE',
      'INPUT', 'SOURCE', 'TRACK', 'FORM', 'BUTTON', 'AREA', 'NOSCRIPT', 'STYLE', 'HTML', 'BODY'
    ];

    // Exhaustive list of attributes that can contain URLs, scripts, or event handlers
    const xssAttributes = [
      'src', 'href', 'action', 'srcdoc', 'data', 'codebase', 'style', 'manifest', 'poster', 'background', 'lowsrc',
      'formaction', 'cite', 'ping', 'icon', 'longdesc', 'usemap', 'content', 'value', 'pattern',
      'onload', 'onerror', 'onclick', 'onmouseover', 'onmouseout', 'onfocus', 'onblur', 'onchange', 'onsubmit', 'onreset',
      'onselect', 'ondblclick', 'onkeydown', 'onkeypress', 'onkeyup', 'onmousedown', 'onmousemove', 'onmouseup', 'onwheel',
      'oncontextmenu', 'ondrag', 'ondragend', 'ondragenter', 'ondragleave', 'ondragover', 'ondragstart', 'ondrop', 'onscroll',
      'ontouchstart', 'ontouchmove', 'ontouchend', 'ontouchcancel', 'onanimationstart', 'onanimationend', 'onanimationiteration',
      'ontransitionend'
    ];

    // Attributes that can cause navigation (for insecure redirects)
    const redirectAttributes = ['href', 'action', 'src', 'formaction', 'content'];

    // Attributes that load resources (for data exfiltration)
    const resourceAttributes = ['src', 'href', 'poster', 'data', 'background', 'lowsrc', 'cite', 'ping', 'icon', 'longdesc'];

    // Global properties that could be clobbered
    const globalProperties = [
      'document', 'window', 'location', 'navigator', 'history', 'screen', 'console', 'alert', 'confirm', 'prompt',
      'fetch', 'XMLHttpRequest', 'WebSocket', 'localStorage', 'sessionStorage'
    ];

    // Callback function to handle mutations
    const callback = (mutationList, observer) => {
      mutationList.forEach((mutation) => {
        if (mutation.type === 'childList') {
          if (mutation.addedNodes.length) {
            mutation.addedNodes.forEach((node) => {
              if (node.nodeType === Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
                const tagName = node.tagName.toUpperCase();
                // Check for XSS sinks
                if (xssElements.includes(tagName)) {
                  console.warn('Potential DOM-XSS sink: Added element', {
                    tagName: tagName,
                    id: node.id || 'N/A',
                    classList: node.className || 'N/A',
                    outerHTML: node.outerHTML
                  });
                }
                // Check for DOM Clobbering
                if (#{observe_clobbering} && (node.id || node.name) && globalProperties.includes(node.id || node.name)) {
                  console.warn('Potential DOM Clobbering: Added element with id/name', {
                    id: node.id || 'N/A',
                    name: node.name || 'N/A',
                    tagName: tagName,
                    outerHTML: node.outerHTML
                  });
                }
              }
            });
          }
        } else if (mutation.type === 'attributes') {
          const attrName = mutation.attributeName.toLowerCase();
          const tagName = mutation.target.tagName.toUpperCase();
          // Check for XSS sinks
          if (xssAttributes.includes(attrName)) {
            console.warn('Potential DOM-XSS sink: Attribute change', {
              element: tagName,
              id: mutation.target.id || 'N/A',
              attribute: attrName,
              oldValue: mutation.oldValue,
              newValue: mutation.target.getAttribute(attrName),
              outerHTML: mutation.target.outerHTML
            });
          }
          // Check for insecure redirects
          if (#{observe_redirects} && redirectAttributes.includes(attrName) &&
              (tagName === 'A' || tagName === 'FORM' || tagName === 'IFRAME' || tagName === 'BUTTON' || tagName === 'INPUT' ||
               (tagName === 'META' && mutation.target.getAttribute('http-equiv') === 'refresh'))) {
            console.warn('Potential Insecure Redirect: Attribute change', {
              element: tagName,
              id: mutation.target.id || 'N/A',
              attribute: attrName,
              oldValue: mutation.oldValue,
              newValue: mutation.target.getAttribute(attrName),
              outerHTML: mutation.target.outerHTML
            });
          }
          // Check for resource loads (data exfiltration)
          if (#{observe_resources} && resourceAttributes.includes(attrName)) {
            console.warn('Potential Resource Load (Data Exfiltration): Attribute change', {
              element: tagName,
              id: mutation.target.id || 'N/A',
              attribute: attrName,
              oldValue: mutation.oldValue,
              newValue: mutation.target.getAttribute(attrName),
              outerHTML: mutation.target.outerHTML
            });
          }
        } else if (mutation.type === 'characterData') {
          if (mutation.target.parentElement) {
            const parentTag = mutation.target.parentElement.tagName.toUpperCase();
            if (parentTag === 'SCRIPT') {
              console.warn('Potential DOM-XSS sink: Script content changed', {
                scriptId: mutation.target.parentElement.id || 'N/A',
                oldValue: mutation.oldValue,
                newValue: mutation.target.textContent
              });
            } else if (parentTag === 'STYLE') {
              console.warn('Potential DOM-XSS sink: Style content changed', {
                styleId: mutation.target.parentElement.id || 'N/A',
                oldValue: mutation.oldValue,
                newValue: mutation.target.textContent
              });
            }
          }
        }
      });
    };

    // Create and start the MutationObserver
    const observer = new MutationObserver(callback);
    observer.observe(targetNode, config);

    // Function to stop the observer
    window.hide_dom_mutations = () => {
      observer.disconnect();
      console.log('MutationObserver stopped.');
    };

    // Log instructions to console
    console.log('MutationObserver started for DOM-based vulnerabilities. To stop, run: hide_dom_mutations()');
  JAVASCRIPT

  console(browser_obj: browser_obj, js: 'clear();')
  browser_obj[:browser].execute_script(js)
rescue StandardError => e
  raise e
end