Class: Puppet::Settings

Inherits:
Object show all
Includes:
Enumerable
Defined in:
lib/puppet/settings.rb,
lib/puppet/settings/errors.rb

Overview

The class for handling configuration files.

Defined Under Namespace

Classes: AutosignSetting, BaseSetting, BooleanSetting, ConfigFile, DirectorySetting, DurationSetting, EnumSetting, FileSetting, InterpolationError, ParseError, PathSetting, PrioritySetting, SettingsError, StringSetting, TerminusSetting, ValidationError, ValueTranslator

Constant Summary collapse

PuppetOptionParser =

local reference for convenience

Puppet::Util::CommandLine::PuppetOptionParser
REQUIRED_APP_SETTINGS =

These are the settings that every app is required to specify; there are reasonable defaults defined in application.rb.

[:logdir, :confdir, :vardir]
SETTING_TYPES =
{
    :string     => StringSetting,
    :file       => FileSetting,
    :directory  => DirectorySetting,
    :path       => PathSetting,
    :boolean    => BooleanSetting,
    :terminus   => TerminusSetting,
    :duration   => DurationSetting,
    :enum       => EnumSetting,
    :priority   => PrioritySetting,
    :autosign   => AutosignSetting,
}

Instance Attribute Summary collapse

Class Method Summary collapse

Instance Method Summary collapse

Constructor Details

#initializeSettings

Create a new collection of config settings.



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 71

def initialize
  @config = {}
  @shortnames = {}

  @created = []
  @searchpath = nil

  # Keep track of set values.
  @values = Hash.new { |hash, key| hash[key] = {} }

  # Hold parsed metadata until run_mode is known
  @metas = {}

  # And keep a per-environment cache
  @cache = Hash.new { |hash, key| hash[key] = {} }

  # The list of sections we've used.
  @used = []

  @hooks_to_call_on_application_initialization = []

  @translate = Puppet::Settings::ValueTranslator.new
  @config_file_parser = Puppet::Settings::ConfigFile.new(@translate)
end

Instance Attribute Details

#files=(value) ⇒ Object



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 28

def files=(value)
  @files = value
end

#timerObject (readonly)



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 29

def timer
  @timer
end

Class Method Details

.app_defaults_for_run_mode(run_mode) ⇒ Object

This method is intended for puppet internal use only; it is a convenience method that returns reasonable application default settings values for a given run_mode.



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 36

def self.app_defaults_for_run_mode(run_mode)
  {
      :name     => run_mode.to_s,
      :run_mode => run_mode.name,
      :confdir  => run_mode.conf_dir,
      :vardir   => run_mode.var_dir,
      :rundir   => run_mode.run_dir,
      :logdir   => run_mode.log_dir,
  }
end

.clean_opt(opt, val) ⇒ Object

A utility method (public, is used by application.rb and perhaps elsewhere) that munges a command-line option string into the format that Puppet.settings expects. (This mostly has to deal with handling the “no-” prefix on flag/boolean options).

Parameters:

  • opt (String)

    the command line option that we are munging

  • val (String, TrueClass, FalseClass)

    the value for the setting (as determined by the OptionParser)



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 256

def self.clean_opt(opt, val)
  # rewrite --[no-]option to --no-option if that's what was given
  if opt =~ /\[no-\]/ and !val
    opt = opt.gsub(/\[no-\]/,'no-')
  end
  # otherwise remove the [no-] prefix to not confuse everybody
  opt = opt.gsub(/\[no-\]/, '')
  [opt, val]
end

.default_certnameObject



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 47

def self.default_certname()
  hostname = hostname_fact
  domain = domain_fact
  if domain and domain != ""
    fqdn = [hostname, domain].join(".")
  else
    fqdn = hostname
  end
  fqdn.to_s.gsub(/\.$/, '')
end

.default_config_file_nameObject



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 66

def self.default_config_file_name
  "puppet.conf"
end

.domain_factObject



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 62

def self.domain_fact()
  Facter["domain"].value
end

.hostname_factObject



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 58

def self.hostname_fact()
  Facter["hostname"].value
end

Instance Method Details

#[](param) ⇒ Object

Retrieve a config value



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 103

def [](param)
  value(param)
end

#[]=(param, value) ⇒ Object

Set a config value. This doesn’t set the defaults, it sets the value itself.



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 108

def []=(param, value)
  set_value(param, value, :memory)
end

#addargs(options) ⇒ Object

Generate the list of valid arguments, in a format that GetoptLong can understand, and add them to the passed option list.



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 114

def addargs(options)
  # Add all of the config parameters as valid options.
  self.each { |name, setting|
    setting.getopt_args.each { |args| options << args }
  }

  options
end

#app_defaults_initialized?Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 267

def app_defaults_initialized?
  @app_defaults_initialized
end

#boolean?(param) ⇒ Boolean

Is our parameter a boolean parameter?

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 135

def boolean?(param)
  param = param.to_sym
  @config.include?(param) and @config[param].kind_of?(BooleanSetting)
end

#clearObject

Remove all set values, potentially skipping cli values.



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 141

def clear
  unsafe_clear
end

#clearusedObject



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 190

def clearused
  @cache.clear
  @used = []
end

#convert(value, environment = nil) ⇒ Object

Do variable interpolation on the value.



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 303

def convert(value, environment = nil)
  return nil if value.nil?
  return value unless value.is_a? String
  newval = value.gsub(/\$(\w+)|\$\{(\w+)\}/) do |value|
    varname = $2 || $1
    if varname == "environment" and environment
      environment
    elsif varname == "run_mode"
      preferred_run_mode
    elsif pval = self.value(varname, environment)
      pval
    else
      raise InterpolationError, "Could not find value for #{value}"
    end
  end

  newval
end

#define_settings(section, defs) ⇒ Object

Define a group of settings.

Parameters:

  • section (Symbol)

    a symbol to use for grouping multiple settings together into a conceptual unit. This value (and the conceptual separation) is not used very often; the main place where it will have a potential impact is when code calls Settings#use method. See docs on that method for further details, but basically that method just attempts to do any preparation that may be necessary before code attempts to leverage the value of a particular setting. This has the most impact for file/directory settings, where #use will attempt to “ensure” those files / directories.

  • defs (Hash[Hash])

    the settings to be defined. This argument is a hash of hashes; each key should be a symbol, which is basically the name of the setting that you are defining. The value should be another hash that specifies the parameters for the particular setting. Legal values include:

    [:default] => required; this is a string value that will be used as a default value for a setting if no other
       value is specified (via cli, config file, etc.)  This string may include "variables", demarcated with $ or ${},
       which will be interpolated with values of other settings.
    [:desc] => required; a description of the setting, used in documentation / help generation
    [:type] => not required, but highly encouraged!  This specifies the data type that the setting represents.  If
       you do not specify it, it will default to "string".  Legal values include:
       :string - A generic string setting
       :boolean - A boolean setting; values are expected to be "true" or "false"
       :file - A (single) file path; puppet may attempt to create this file depending on how the settings are used.  This type
           also supports additional options such as "mode", "owner", "group"
       :directory - A (single) directory path; puppet may attempt to create this file depending on how the settings are used.  This type
           also supports additional options such as "mode", "owner", "group"
       :path - This is intended to be used for settings whose value can contain multiple directory paths, respresented
           as strings separated by the system path separator (e.g. system path, module path, etc.).
     [:mode] => an (optional) octal value to be used as the permissions/mode for :file and :directory settings
     [:owner] => optional owner username/uid for :file and :directory settings
     [:group] => optional group name/gid for :file and :directory settings
    


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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 837

def define_settings(section, defs)
  section = section.to_sym
  call = []
  defs.each do |name, hash|
    raise ArgumentError, "setting definition for '#{name}' is not a hash!" unless hash.is_a? Hash

    name = name.to_sym
    hash[:name] = name
    hash[:section] = section
    raise ArgumentError, "Parameter #{name} is already defined" if @config.include?(name)
    tryconfig = newsetting(hash)
    if short = tryconfig.short
      if other = @shortnames[short]
        raise ArgumentError, "Parameter #{other.name} is already using short name '#{short}'"
      end
      @shortnames[short] = tryconfig
    end
    @config[name] = tryconfig

    # Collect the settings that need to have their hooks called immediately.
    # We have to collect them so that we can be sure we're fully initialized before
    # the hook is called.
    if tryconfig.call_hook_on_define?
      call << tryconfig
    elsif tryconfig.call_hook_on_initialize?
      @hooks_to_call_on_application_initialization << tryconfig
    end
  end

  call.each { |setting| setting.handle(self.value(setting.name)) }
end

#description(name) ⇒ Object

Return a value’s description.



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 323

def description(name)
  if obj = @config[name.to_sym]
    obj.desc
  else
    nil
  end
end

#eachObject



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 331

def each
  @config.each { |name, object|
    yield name, object
  }
end

#eachsectionObject

Iterate over each section name.



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 338

def eachsection
  yielded = []
  @config.each do |name, object|
    section = object.section
    unless yielded.include? section
      yield section
      yielded << section
    end
  end
end

#flush_cacheObject

Clear @cache, @used and the Environment.

Whenever an object is returned by Settings, a copy is stored in @cache. As long as Setting attributes that determine the content of returned objects remain unchanged, Settings can keep returning objects from @cache without re-fetching or re-generating them.

Whenever a Settings attribute changes, such as @values or @preferred_run_mode, this method must be called to clear out the caches so that updated objects will be returned.



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 174

def flush_cache
  unsafe_flush_cache
end

#generate_configObject



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 429

def generate_config
  puts to_config
  true
end

#generate_manifestObject



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 434

def generate_manifest
  puts to_manifest
  true
end

#global_defaults_initialized?Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 195

def global_defaults_initialized?()
  @global_defaults_initialized
end

#handlearg(opt, value = nil) ⇒ Object

Handle a command-line argument.



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 356

def handlearg(opt, value = nil)
  @cache.clear

  if value.is_a?(FalseClass)
    value = "false"
  elsif value.is_a?(TrueClass)
    value = "true"
  end

  value &&= @translate[value]
  str = opt.sub(/^--/,'')

  bool = true
  newstr = str.sub(/^no-/, '')
  if newstr != str
    str = newstr
    bool = false
  end
  str = str.intern

  if @config[str].is_a?(Puppet::Settings::BooleanSetting)
    if value == "" or value.nil?
      value = bool
    end
  end

  set_value(str, value, :cli)
end

#include?(name) ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 385

def include?(name)
  name = name.intern if name.is_a? String
  @config.include?(name)
end

#initialize_app_defaults(app_defaults) ⇒ Object



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 271

def initialize_app_defaults(app_defaults)
  REQUIRED_APP_SETTINGS.each do |key|
    raise SettingsError, "missing required app default setting '#{key}'" unless app_defaults.has_key?(key)
  end

  app_defaults.each do |key, value|
    if key == :run_mode
      self.preferred_run_mode = value
    else
      set_value(key, value, :application_defaults)
    end
  end
  
  call_hooks_deferred_to_application_initialization

  @app_defaults_initialized = true
end

#initialize_global_settings(args = []) ⇒ Object

Raises:



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 199

def initialize_global_settings(args = [])
  raise Puppet::DevError, "Attempting to initialize global default settings more than once!" if global_defaults_initialized?

  # The first two phases of the lifecycle of a puppet application are:
  # 1) Parse the command line options and handle any of them that are
  #    registered, defined "global" puppet settings (mostly from defaults.rb).
  # 2) Parse the puppet config file(s).

  parse_global_options(args)
  parse_config_files

  @global_defaults_initialized = true
end

#metadata(param) ⇒ Object

Return a given object’s file metadata.



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 450

def (param)
  if obj = @config[param.to_sym] and obj.is_a?(FileSetting)
    return [:owner, :group, :mode].inject({}) do |meta, p|
      if v = obj.send(p)
        meta[p] = v
      end
      meta
    end
  else
    nil
  end
end

#mkdir(default) ⇒ Object

Make a directory with the appropriate user, group, and mode



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 464

def mkdir(default)
  obj = get_config_file_default(default)

  Puppet::Util::SUIDManager.asuser(obj.owner, obj.group) do
    mode = obj.mode || 0750
    Dir.mkdir(obj.value, mode)
  end
end

#optparse_addargs(options) ⇒ Object

Generate the list of valid arguments, in a format that OptionParser can understand, and add them to the passed option list.



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 125

def optparse_addargs(options)
  # Add all of the config parameters as valid options.
  self.each { |name, setting|
    options << setting.optparse_args
  }

  options
end

#params(section = nil) ⇒ Object

Return all of the parameters associated with a given section.



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 495

def params(section = nil)
  if section
    section = section.intern if section.is_a? String
    @config.find_all { |name, obj|
      obj.section == section
    }.collect { |name, obj|
      name
    }
  else
    @config.keys
  end
end

#persection(section) ⇒ Object

Iterate across all of the objects in a given section.



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 675

def persection(section)
  section = section.to_sym
  self.each { |name, obj|
    if obj.section == section
      yield obj
    end
  }
end

#preferred_run_modeObject

The currently configured run mode that is preferred for constructing the application configuration.



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 474

def preferred_run_mode
  @preferred_run_mode_name || :user
end

#preferred_run_mode=(mode) ⇒ Object

This method is part of a private API. You should avoid using this method if possible, as it may be removed or be changed in the future.

PRIVATE! This only exists because we need a hook to validate the run mode when it’s being set, and

it should never, ever, ever, ever be called from outside of this file.

This method is also called when –run_mode MODE is used on the command line to set the default

Parameters:

  • mode (String|Symbol)

    the name of the mode to have in effect

Raises:



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 484

def preferred_run_mode=(mode)
  mode = mode.to_s.downcase.intern
  raise ValidationError, "Invalid run mode '#{mode}'" unless [:master, :agent, :user].include?(mode)
  @preferred_run_mode_name = mode
  # Changing the run mode has far-reaching consequences. Flush any cached
  # settings so they will be re-generated.
  flush_cache
  mode
end

Prints the contents of a config file with the available config settings, or it prints a single value of a config setting.



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 398

def print_config_options
  env = value(:environment)
  val = value(:configprint)
  if val == "all"
    hash = {}
    each do |name, obj|
      val = value(name,env)
      val = val.inspect if val == ""
      hash[name] = val
    end
    hash.sort { |a,b| a[0].to_s <=> b[0].to_s }.each do |name, val|
      puts "#{name} = #{val}"
    end
  else
    val.split(/\s*,\s*/).sort.each do |v|
      if include?(v)
        #if there is only one value, just print it for back compatibility
        if v == val
          puts value(val,env)
          break
        end
        puts "#{v} = #{value(v,env)}"
      else
        puts "invalid parameter: #{v}"
        return false
      end
    end
  end
  true
end


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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 439

def print_configs
  return print_config_options if value(:configprint) != ""
  return generate_config if value(:genconfig)
  generate_manifest if value(:genmanifest)
end

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 445

def print_configs?
  (value(:configprint) != "" || value(:genconfig) || value(:genmanifest)) && true
end

#reparse_config_filesObject

Reparse our config file, if necessary.



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 685

def reparse_config_files
  if files
    if filename = any_files_changed?
      Puppet.notice "Config file #{filename} changed; triggering re-parse of all config files."
      parse_config_files
      reuse
    end
  end
end

#reuseObject



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 718

def reuse
  return unless defined?(@used)
  new = @used
  @used = []
  self.use(*new)
end

#searchpath(environment = nil) ⇒ Object

The order in which to search for values.



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 726

def searchpath(environment = nil)
  if environment
    [:cli, :memory, environment, :run_mode, :main, :application_defaults]
  else
    [:cli, :memory, :run_mode, :main, :application_defaults]
  end
end

#sectionlistObject

Get a list of objects per section



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 735

def sectionlist
  sectionlist = []
  self.each { |name, obj|
    section = obj.section || "puppet"
    sections[section] ||= []
    sectionlist << section unless sectionlist.include?(section)
    sections[section] << obj
  }

  return sectionlist, sections
end

#service_group_available?Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 759

def service_group_available?
  return @service_group_available if defined?(@service_group_available)

  if self[:group]
    group = Puppet::Type.type(:group).new :name => self[:group], :audit => :ensure

    @service_group_available = group.exists?
  else
    @service_group_available = false
  end
end

#service_user_available?Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 747

def service_user_available?
  return @service_user_available if defined?(@service_user_available)

  if self[:user]
    user = Puppet::Type.type(:user).new :name => self[:user], :audit => :ensure

    @service_user_available = user.exists?
  else
    @service_user_available = false
  end
end

#set_by_cli?(param) ⇒ Boolean

Allow later inspection to determine if the setting was set on the command line, or through some other code path. Used for the dns_alt_names option during cert generate. –daniel 2011-10-18

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 774

def set_by_cli?(param)
  param = param.to_sym
  !@values[:cli][param].nil?
end

#set_value(param, value, type, options = {}) ⇒ Object



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 779

def set_value(param, value, type, options = {})
  param = param.to_sym

  if !(setting = @config[param])
    if options[:ignore_bad_settings]
      return
    else
      raise ArgumentError,
        "Attempt to assign a value to unknown configuration parameter #{param.inspect}"
    end
  end

  setting.handle(value) if setting.has_hook? and not options[:dont_trigger_handles]

  @values[type][param] = value
  unsafe_flush_cache

  value
end

#setdefaults(section, defs) ⇒ Object

Deprecated; use #define_settings instead



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 803

def setdefaults(section, defs)
  Puppet.deprecation_warning("'setdefaults' is deprecated and will be removed; please call 'define_settings' instead")
  define_settings(section, defs)
end

#setting(param) ⇒ Object

Return an object by name.



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 98

def setting(name)
  @config[name]
end

#shortinclude?(short) ⇒ Boolean

check to see if a short name is already defined

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 391

def shortinclude?(short)
  short = short.intern if name.is_a? String
  @shortnames.include?(short)
end

#to_catalog(*sections) ⇒ Object

Convert the settings we manage into a catalog full of resources that model those settings.



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 870

def to_catalog(*sections)
  sections = nil if sections.empty?

  catalog = Puppet::Resource::Catalog.new("Settings")

  @config.keys.find_all { |key| @config[key].is_a?(FileSetting) }.each do |key|
    file = @config[key]
    next unless (sections.nil? or sections.include?(file.section))
    next unless resource = file.to_resource
    next if catalog.resource(resource.ref)

    Puppet.debug("Using settings: adding file resource '#{key}': '#{resource.inspect}'")

    catalog.add_resource(resource)
  end

  add_user_resources(catalog, sections)

  catalog
end

#to_configObject

Convert our list of config settings into a configuration file.



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 892

def to_config
  str = %{The configuration file for #{Puppet.run_mode.name}.  Note that this file
is likely to have unused configuration parameters in it; any parameter that's
valid anywhere in Puppet can be in any config file, even if it's not used.

Every section can specify three special parameters: owner, group, and mode.
These parameters affect the required permissions of any files specified after
their specification.  Puppet will sometimes use these parameters to check its
own configured state, so they can be used to make Puppet a bit more self-managing.

The file format supports octothorpe-commented lines, but not partial-line comments.

Generated on #{Time.now}.

}.gsub(/^/, "# ")

#         Add a section heading that matches our name.
  str += "[#{preferred_run_mode}]\n"
  eachsection do |section|
    persection(section) do |obj|
      str += obj.to_config + "\n" unless obj.name == :genconfig
    end
  end

  return str
end

#to_manifestObject

Convert to a parseable manifest



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 920

def to_manifest
  catalog = to_catalog
  catalog.resource_refs.collect do |ref|
    catalog.resource(ref).to_manifest
  end.join("\n\n")
end

#uninterpolated_value(param, environment = nil) ⇒ Object



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 959

def uninterpolated_value(param, environment = nil)
  param = param.to_sym
  environment &&= environment.to_sym

  # See if we can find it within our searchable list of values
  val = find_value(environment, param)

  # If we didn't get a value, use the default
  val = @config[param].default if val.nil?

  val
end

#use(*sections) ⇒ Object

Create the necessary objects to use a section. This is idempotent; you can ‘use’ a section as many times as you want.



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 929

def use(*sections)
  sections = sections.collect { |s| s.to_sym }
  sections = sections.reject { |s| @used.include?(s) }

  return if sections.empty?

  begin
    catalog = to_catalog(*sections).to_ral
  rescue => detail
    Puppet.log_and_raise(detail, "Could not create resources for managing Puppet's files and directories in sections #{sections.inspect}: #{detail}")
  end

  catalog.host_config = false
  catalog.apply do |transaction|
    if transaction.any_failed?
      report = transaction.report
      failures = report.logs.find_all { |log| log.level == :err }
      raise "Got #{failures.length} failure(s) while initializing: #{failures.collect { |l| l.to_s }.join("; ")}"
    end
  end

  sections.each { |s| @used << s }
  @used.uniq!
end

#valid?(param) ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 954

def valid?(param)
  param = param.to_sym
  @config.has_key?(param)
end

#value(param, environment = nil, bypass_interpolation = false) ⇒ Object

Find the correct value using our search path.

Parameters:

  • param (String, Symbol)

    The value to look up

  • environment (String, Symbol) (defaults to: nil)

    The environment to check for the value

  • bypass_interpolation (true, false) (defaults to: false)

    Whether to skip interpolation

Returns:

  • (Object)

    The looked up value

Raises:



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# File 'lib/puppet/settings.rb', line 991

def value(param, environment = nil, bypass_interpolation = false)
  param = param.to_sym
  environment &&= environment.to_sym

  setting = @config[param]

  # Short circuit to nil for undefined parameters.
  return nil unless @config.include?(param)

  # Yay, recursion.
  #self.reparse unless [:config, :filetimeout].include?(param)

  # Check the cache first.  It needs to be a per-environment
  # cache so that we don't spread values from one env
  # to another.
  if @cache[environment||"none"].has_key?(param)
    return @cache[environment||"none"][param]
  end

  val = uninterpolated_value(param, environment)

  return val if bypass_interpolation
  if param == :code
    # if we interpolate code, all hell breaks loose.
    return val
  end

  # Convert it if necessary
  begin
    val = convert(val, environment)
  rescue InterpolationError => err
    # This happens because we don't have access to the param name when the
    # exception is originally raised, but we want it in the message
    raise InterpolationError, "Error converting value for param '#{param}': #{err}", err.backtrace
  end

  val = setting.munge(val) if setting.respond_to?(:munge)
  # And cache it
  @cache[environment||"none"][param] = val
  val
end