Class: Puma::Server

Inherits:
Object
  • Object
show all
Extended by:
Forwardable
Includes:
Const, Request
Defined in:
lib/puma/server.rb

Overview

The HTTP Server itself. Serves out a single Rack app.

This class is used by the ‘Puma::Single` and `Puma::Cluster` classes to generate one or more `Puma::Server` instances capable of handling requests. Each Puma process will contain one `Puma::Server` instance.

The ‘Puma::Server` instance pulls requests from the socket, adds them to a `Puma::Reactor` where they get eventually passed to a `Puma::ThreadPool`.

Each ‘Puma::Server` will have one reactor and one thread pool.

Constant Summary collapse

ThreadLocalKey = 
:puma_server
UNPACK_TCP_STATE_FROM_TCP_INFO = 
"C".freeze
STAT_METHODS =

List of methods invoked by #stats.

Version:

  • 5.0.0

[:backlog, :running, :pool_capacity, :max_threads, :requests_count].freeze

Constants included from Const

Const::BANNED_HEADER_KEY, Const::CGI_VER, Const::CHUNKED, Const::CHUNK_SIZE, Const::CLOSE, Const::CLOSE_CHUNKED, Const::CODE_NAME, Const::COLON, Const::CONNECTION_CLOSE, Const::CONNECTION_KEEP_ALIVE, Const::CONTENT_LENGTH, Const::CONTENT_LENGTH2, Const::CONTENT_LENGTH_S, Const::CONTINUE, Const::DQUOTE, Const::EARLY_HINTS, Const::ERROR_RESPONSE, Const::FAST_TRACK_KA_TIMEOUT, Const::FIRST_DATA_TIMEOUT, Const::GATEWAY_INTERFACE, Const::HALT_COMMAND, Const::HEAD, Const::HIJACK, Const::HIJACK_IO, Const::HIJACK_P, Const::HTTP, Const::HTTPS, Const::HTTPS_KEY, Const::HTTP_10_200, Const::HTTP_11, Const::HTTP_11_100, Const::HTTP_11_200, Const::HTTP_CONNECTION, Const::HTTP_EXPECT, Const::HTTP_HEADER_DELIMITER, Const::HTTP_HOST, Const::HTTP_VERSION, Const::HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR, Const::HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO, Const::HTTP_X_FORWARDED_SCHEME, Const::HTTP_X_FORWARDED_SSL, Const::ILLEGAL_HEADER_KEY_REGEX, Const::ILLEGAL_HEADER_VALUE_REGEX, Const::KEEP_ALIVE, Const::LINE_END, Const::LOCALHOST, Const::LOCALHOST_IP, Const::MAX_BODY, Const::MAX_FAST_INLINE, Const::MAX_HEADER, Const::NEWLINE, Const::PATH_INFO, Const::PERSISTENT_TIMEOUT, Const::PORT_443, Const::PORT_80, Const::PUMA_CONFIG, Const::PUMA_PEERCERT, Const::PUMA_SERVER_STRING, Const::PUMA_SOCKET, Const::PUMA_TMP_BASE, Const::PUMA_VERSION, Const::QUERY_STRING, Const::RACK_AFTER_REPLY, Const::RACK_INPUT, Const::RACK_URL_SCHEME, Const::REMOTE_ADDR, Const::REQUEST_METHOD, Const::REQUEST_PATH, Const::REQUEST_URI, Const::RESTART_COMMAND, Const::SERVER_NAME, Const::SERVER_PORT, Const::SERVER_PROTOCOL, Const::SERVER_SOFTWARE, Const::STOP_COMMAND, Const::TRANSFER_ENCODING, Const::TRANSFER_ENCODING2, Const::TRANSFER_ENCODING_CHUNKED, Const::WORKER_CHECK_INTERVAL, Const::WRITE_TIMEOUT

Class Attribute Summary collapse

Instance Attribute Summary collapse

Class Method Summary collapse

Instance Method Summary collapse

Methods included from Request

#default_server_port, #handle_request, #normalize_env

Constructor Details

#initialize(app, events = Events.stdio, options = {}) ⇒ Server

Note:

Several instance variables exist so they are available for testing, and have default values set via fetch. Normally the values are set via ‘::Puma::Configuration.puma_default_options`.

Create a server for the rack app app.

events is an object which will be called when certain error events occur to be handled. See Puma::Events for the list of current methods to implement.

Server#run returns a thread that you can join on to wait for the server to do its work.



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 72

def initialize(app, events=Events.stdio, options={})
  @app = app
  @events = events

  @check, @notify = nil
  @status = :stop

  @auto_trim_time = 30
  @reaping_time = 1

  @thread = nil
  @thread_pool = nil

  @options = options

  @early_hints        = options.fetch :early_hints, nil
  @first_data_timeout = options.fetch :first_data_timeout, FIRST_DATA_TIMEOUT
  @min_threads        = options.fetch :min_threads, 0
  @max_threads        = options.fetch :max_threads , (Puma.mri? ? 5 : 16)
  @persistent_timeout = options.fetch :persistent_timeout, PERSISTENT_TIMEOUT
  @queue_requests     = options.fetch :queue_requests, true
  @max_fast_inline    = options.fetch :max_fast_inline, MAX_FAST_INLINE

  temp = !!(@options[:environment] =~ /\A(development|test)\z/)
  @leak_stack_on_error = @options[:environment] ? temp : true

  @binder = Binder.new(events)

  ENV['RACK_ENV'] ||= "development"

  @mode = :http

  @precheck_closing = true

  @requests_count = 0
end

Class Attribute Details

.current ⇒ Object (readonly) 



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 115

def current
  Thread.current[ThreadLocalKey]
end

Instance Attribute Details

#app ⇒ Object

Returns the value of attribute app.



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 52

def app
  @app
end

#auto_trim_time ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 43

def auto_trim_time
  @auto_trim_time
end

#backlog ⇒ Object (readonly) 



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 194

def backlog
  @thread_pool and @thread_pool.backlog
end

#binder ⇒ Object

Returns the value of attribute binder.



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 53

def binder
  @binder
end

#early_hints ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 43

def early_hints
  @early_hints
end

#events ⇒ Object (readonly)

Returns the value of attribute events.



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 38

def events
  @events
end

#first_data_timeout ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 43

def first_data_timeout
  @first_data_timeout
end

#leak_stack_on_error ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 43

def leak_stack_on_error
  @leak_stack_on_error
end

#max_threads ⇒ Object

for #stats



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 39

def max_threads
  @max_threads
end

#min_threads ⇒ Object

for #stats



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 39

def min_threads
  @min_threads
end

#persistent_timeout ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 43

def persistent_timeout
  @persistent_timeout
end

#pool_capacity ⇒ Object (readonly)

This number represents the number of requests that the server is capable of taking right now.

For example if the number is 5 then it means there are 5 threads sitting idle ready to take a request. If one request comes in, then the value would be 4 until it finishes processing.



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 212

def pool_capacity
  @thread_pool and @thread_pool.pool_capacity
end

#reaping_time ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 43

def reaping_time
  @reaping_time
end

#requests_count ⇒ Object (readonly)

Version:

  • 5.0.0



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 40

def requests_count
  @requests_count
end

#running ⇒ Object (readonly) 



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 199

def running
  @thread_pool and @thread_pool.spawned
end

#stats ⇒ Object (readonly)

Returns a hash of stats about the running server for reporting purposes.

Version:

  • 5.0.0



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 688

def stats
  STAT_METHODS.map {|name| [name, send(name) || 0]}.to_h
end

#thread ⇒ Object (readonly)

Returns the value of attribute thread.



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 37

def thread
  @thread
end

Class Method Details

.closed_socket_supported? ⇒ Boolean

:nodoc:

Returns:

  • (Boolean)

Version:

  • 5.0.0



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 129

def closed_socket_supported?
  RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] =~ /linux/ &&
    Socket.const_defined?(:IPPROTO_TCP) &&
    Socket.const_defined?(:TCP_INFO)
end

.tcp_cork_supported? ⇒ Boolean

:nodoc:

Returns:

  • (Boolean)

Version:

  • 5.0.0



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 121

def tcp_cork_supported?
  RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] =~ /linux/ &&
    Socket.const_defined?(:IPPROTO_TCP) &&
    Socket.const_defined?(:TCP_CORK)
end

Instance Method Details

#begin_restart(sync = false) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 672

def begin_restart(sync=false)
  notify_safely(RESTART_COMMAND)
  @thread.join if @thread && sync
end

#client_error(e, client) ⇒ Object

Handle various error types thrown by Client I/O operations.



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 554

def client_error(e, client)
  # Swallow, do not log
  return if [ConnectionError, EOFError].include?(e.class)

  lowlevel_error(e, client.env)
  case e
  when MiniSSL::SSLError
    @events.ssl_error e, client.io
  when HttpParserError
    client.write_error(400)
    @events.parse_error e, client
  else
    client.write_error(500)
    @events.unknown_error e, nil, "Read"
  end
end

#closed_socket?(socket) ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 171

def closed_socket?(socket)
  return false unless socket.kind_of? TCPSocket
  return false unless @precheck_closing

  begin
    tcp_info = socket.getsockopt(Socket::IPPROTO_TCP, Socket::TCP_INFO)
  rescue IOError, SystemCallError
    Thread.current.purge_interrupt_queue if Thread.current.respond_to? :purge_interrupt_queue
    @precheck_closing = false
    false
  else
    state = tcp_info.unpack(UNPACK_TCP_STATE_FROM_TCP_INFO)[0]
    # TIME_WAIT: 6, CLOSE: 7, CLOSE_WAIT: 8, LAST_ACK: 9, CLOSING: 11
    (state >= 6 && state <= 9) || state == 11
  end
end

#cork_socket(socket) ⇒ Object

6 == Socket::IPPROTO_TCP 3 == TCP_CORK 1/0 == turn on/off



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 147

def cork_socket(socket)
  begin
    socket.setsockopt(Socket::IPPROTO_TCP, Socket::TCP_CORK, 1) if socket.kind_of? TCPSocket
  rescue IOError, SystemCallError
    Thread.current.purge_interrupt_queue if Thread.current.respond_to? :purge_interrupt_queue
  end
end

#graceful_shutdown ⇒ Object

Wait for all outstanding requests to finish.



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 593

def graceful_shutdown
  if @options[:shutdown_debug]
    threads = Thread.list
    total = threads.size

    pid = Process.pid

    $stdout.syswrite "#{pid}: === Begin thread backtrace dump ===\n"

    threads.each_with_index do |t,i|
      $stdout.syswrite "#{pid}: Thread #{i+1}/#{total}: #{t.inspect}\n"
      $stdout.syswrite "#{pid}: #{t.backtrace.join("\n#{pid}: ")}\n\n"
    end
    $stdout.syswrite "#{pid}: === End thread backtrace dump ===\n"
  end

  if @options[:drain_on_shutdown]
    count = 0

    while true
      ios = IO.select @binder.ios, nil, nil, 0
      break unless ios

      ios.first.each do |sock|
        begin
          if io = sock.accept_nonblock
            count += 1
            client = Client.new io, @binder.env(sock)
            @thread_pool << client
          end
        rescue SystemCallError
        end
      end
    end

    @events.debug "Drained #{count} additional connections."
  end

  if @status != :restart
    @binder.close
  end

  if @thread_pool
    if timeout = @options[:force_shutdown_after]
      @thread_pool.shutdown timeout.to_f
    else
      @thread_pool.shutdown
    end
  end
end

#halt(sync = false) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 667

def halt(sync=false)
  notify_safely(HALT_COMMAND)
  @thread.join if @thread && sync
end

#handle_check ⇒ Object

:nodoc:



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 377

def handle_check
  cmd = @check.read(1)

  case cmd
  when STOP_COMMAND
    @status = :stop
    return true
  when HALT_COMMAND
    @status = :halt
    return true
  when RESTART_COMMAND
    @status = :restart
    return true
  end

  return false
end

#handle_servers ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 305

def handle_servers
  begin
    check = @check
    sockets = [check] + @binder.ios
    pool = @thread_pool
    queue_requests = @queue_requests

    remote_addr_value = nil
    remote_addr_header = nil

    case @options[:remote_address]
    when :value
      remote_addr_value = @options[:remote_address_value]
    when :header
      remote_addr_header = @options[:remote_address_header]
    end

    while @status == :run
      begin
        ios = IO.select sockets
        ios.first.each do |sock|
          if sock == check
            break if handle_check
          else
            pool.wait_until_not_full
            pool.wait_for_less_busy_worker(
              @options[:wait_for_less_busy_worker].to_f)

            io = begin
              sock.accept_nonblock
            rescue IO::WaitReadable
              next
            end
            client = Client.new io, @binder.env(sock)
            if remote_addr_value
              client.peerip = remote_addr_value
            elsif remote_addr_header
              client.remote_addr_header = remote_addr_header
            end
            pool << client
          end
        end
      rescue Object => e
        @events.unknown_error e, nil, "Listen loop"
      end
    end

    @events.fire :state, @status

    if queue_requests
      @queue_requests = false
      @reactor.shutdown
    end
    graceful_shutdown if @status == :stop || @status == :restart
  rescue Exception => e
    @events.unknown_error e, nil, "Exception handling servers"
  ensure
    begin
      @check.close unless @check.closed?
    rescue Errno::EBADF, RuntimeError
      # RuntimeError is Ruby 2.2 issue, can't modify frozen IOError
      # Errno::EBADF is infrequently raised
    end
    @notify.close
    @notify = nil
    @check = nil
  end

  @events.fire :state, :done
end

#inherit_binder(bind) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 109

def inherit_binder(bind)
  @binder = bind
end

#lowlevel_error(e, env, status = 500) ⇒ Object

A fallback rack response if @app raises as exception.



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 573

def lowlevel_error(e, env, status=500)
  if handler = @options[:lowlevel_error_handler]
    if handler.arity == 1
      return handler.call(e)
    elsif handler.arity == 2
      return handler.call(e, env)
    else
      return handler.call(e, env, status)
    end
  end

  if @leak_stack_on_error
    [status, {}, ["Puma caught this error: #{e.message} (#{e.class})\n#{e.backtrace.join("\n")}"]]
  else
    [status, {}, ["An unhandled lowlevel error occurred. The application logs may have details.\n"]]
  end
end

#process_client(client, buffer) ⇒ Object

Given a connection on client, handle the incoming requests, or queue the connection in the Reactor if no request is available.

This method is called from a ThreadPool worker thread.

This method supports HTTP Keep-Alive so it may, depending on if the client indicates that it supports keep alive, wait for another request before returning.

Return true if one or more requests were processed.



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 405

def process_client(client, buffer)
  # Advertise this server into the thread
  Thread.current[ThreadLocalKey] = self

  clean_thread_locals = @options[:clean_thread_locals]
  close_socket = true

  requests = 0

  begin
    if @queue_requests &&
      !client.eagerly_finish

      client.set_timeout(@first_data_timeout)
      if @reactor.add client
        close_socket = false
        return false
      end
    end

    with_force_shutdown(client) do
      client.finish(@first_data_timeout)
    end

    while true
      @requests_count += 1
      case handle_request(client, buffer)
      when false
        break
      when :async
        close_socket = false
        break
      when true
        buffer.reset

        ThreadPool.clean_thread_locals if clean_thread_locals

        requests += 1

        check_for_more_data = @status == :run

        if requests >= @max_fast_inline
          # This will mean that reset will only try to use the data it already
          # has buffered and won't try to read more data. What this means is that
          # every client, independent of their request speed, gets treated like a slow
          # one once every max_fast_inline requests.
          check_for_more_data = false
        end

        next_request_ready = with_force_shutdown(client) do
          client.reset(check_for_more_data)
        end

        unless next_request_ready
          break unless @queue_requests
          client.set_timeout @persistent_timeout
          if @reactor.add client
            close_socket = false
            break
          end
        end
      end
    end
    true
  rescue StandardError => e
    client_error(e, client)
    # The ensure tries to close +client+ down
    requests > 0
  ensure
    buffer.reset

    begin
      client.close if close_socket
    rescue IOError, SystemCallError
      Thread.current.purge_interrupt_queue if Thread.current.respond_to? :purge_interrupt_queue
      # Already closed
    rescue StandardError => e
      @events.unknown_error e, nil, "Client"
    end
  end
end

#reactor_wakeup(client) ⇒ Object

This method is called from the Reactor thread when a queued Client receives data, times out, or when the Reactor is shutting down.

It is responsible for ensuring that a request has been completely received before it starts to be processed by the ThreadPool. This may be known as read buffering. If read buffering is not done, and no other read buffering is performed (such as by an application server such as nginx) then the application would be subject to a slow client attack.

For a graphical representation of how the request buffer works see [architecture.md](github.com/puma/puma/blob/master/docs/architecture.md#connection-pipeline).

The method checks to see if it has the full header and body with the ‘Puma::Client#try_to_finish` method. If the full request has been sent, then the request is passed to the ThreadPool (`@thread_pool << client`) so that a “worker thread” can pick up the request and begin to execute application logic. The Client is then removed from the reactor (return `true`).

If a client object times out, a 408 response is written, its connection is closed, and the object is removed from the reactor (return ‘true`).

If the Reactor is shutting down, all Clients are either timed out or passed to the ThreadPool, depending on their current state (#can_close?).

Otherwise, if the full request is not ready then the client will remain in the reactor (return ‘false`). When the client sends more data to the socket the `Puma::Client` object will wake up and again be checked to see if it’s ready to be passed to the thread pool.



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 292

def reactor_wakeup(client)
  shutdown = !@queue_requests
  if client.try_to_finish || (shutdown && !client.can_close?)
    @thread_pool << client
  elsif shutdown || client.timeout == 0
    client.timeout!
  end
rescue StandardError => e
  client_error(e, client)
  client.close
  true
end

#read_body(env, client, body, cl) ⇒ Object

Deprecated.

6.0.0

Given the request env from client and the partial body body plus a potential Content-Length value cl, finish reading the body and return it.

If the body is larger than MAX_BODY, a Tempfile object is used for the body, otherwise a StringIO is used.



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 505

def read_body(env, client, body, cl)
  content_length = cl.to_i

  remain = content_length - body.bytesize

  return StringIO.new(body) if remain <= 0

  # Use a Tempfile if there is a lot of data left
  if remain > MAX_BODY
    stream = Tempfile.new(Const::PUMA_TMP_BASE)
    stream.binmode
  else
    # The body[0,0] trick is to get an empty string in the same
    # encoding as body.
    stream = StringIO.new body[0,0]
  end

  stream.write body

  # Read an odd sized chunk so we can read even sized ones
  # after this
  chunk = client.readpartial(remain % CHUNK_SIZE)

  # No chunk means a closed socket
  unless chunk
    stream.close
    return nil
  end

  remain -= stream.write(chunk)

  # Read the rest of the chunks
  while remain > 0
    chunk = client.readpartial(CHUNK_SIZE)
    unless chunk
      stream.close
      return nil
    end

    remain -= stream.write(chunk)
  end

  stream.rewind

  return stream
end

#run(background = true, thread_name: 'server') ⇒ Object

Runs the server.

If background is true (the default) then a thread is spun up in the background to handle requests. Otherwise requests are handled synchronously.



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 222

def run(background=true, thread_name: 'server')
  BasicSocket.do_not_reverse_lookup = true

  @events.fire :state, :booting

  @status = :run

  @thread_pool = ThreadPool.new(
    @min_threads,
    @max_threads,
    ::Puma::IOBuffer,
    &method(:process_client)
  )

  @thread_pool.out_of_band_hook = @options[:out_of_band]
  @thread_pool.clean_thread_locals = @options[:clean_thread_locals]

  if @queue_requests
    @reactor = Reactor.new(&method(:reactor_wakeup))
    @reactor.run
  end

  if @reaping_time
    @thread_pool.auto_reap!(@reaping_time)
  end

  if @auto_trim_time
    @thread_pool.auto_trim!(@auto_trim_time)
  end

  @check, @notify = Puma::Util.pipe unless @notify

  @events.fire :state, :running

  if background
    @thread = Thread.new do
      Puma.set_thread_name thread_name
      handle_servers
    end
    return @thread
  else
    handle_servers
  end
end

#shutting_down? ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 677

def shutting_down?
  @status == :stop || @status == :restart
end

#stop(sync = false) ⇒ Object

Stops the acceptor thread and then causes the worker threads to finish off the request queue before finally exiting.



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 662

def stop(sync=false)
  notify_safely(STOP_COMMAND)
  @thread.join if @thread && sync
end

#uncork_socket(socket) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 155

def uncork_socket(socket)
  begin
    socket.setsockopt(Socket::IPPROTO_TCP, Socket::TCP_CORK, 0) if socket.kind_of? TCPSocket
  rescue IOError, SystemCallError
    Thread.current.purge_interrupt_queue if Thread.current.respond_to? :purge_interrupt_queue
  end
end

#with_force_shutdown(client, &block) ⇒ Object

Triggers a client timeout if the thread-pool shuts down during execution of the provided block.



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# File 'lib/puma/server.rb', line 489

def with_force_shutdown(client, &block)
  @thread_pool.with_force_shutdown(&block)
rescue ThreadPool::ForceShutdown
  client.timeout!
end