Module: Phonology::Features

Defined in:

lib/phonology/features.rb

Overview

Distinctive features.

Constant Summary

PULMONIC =

Pulmonic consonants

[:nasal, :plosive, :fricative, :approximant, :trill, :flap,
:lateral_fricative, :lateral_approximant, :lateral_flap, :bilabial,
:labiodental, :dental, :alveolar, :postalveolar, :retroflex, :palatal,
:velar, :uvular, :pharyngeal, :epiglottal, :glottal]

NON_PULMONIC =

Non-pulmonic consonants

[:click, :implosive, :ejective]

VOCALIC =

Vocalic features

[:close, :near_close, :close_mid, :mid, :open_mid, :near_open, :open,
:front, :near_front, :central, :near_back, :back, :rounded]

CONSONANTAL =

Consontal features

(PULMONIC + NON_PULMONIC).to_set

ALL =

All features classes

([:voiced] + PULMONIC + NON_PULMONIC + VOCALIC).to_set

MANNER =

Manner of articulation features

[:nasal, :plosive, :fricative, :approximant, :trill, :flap, :lateral_fricative,
:lateral_approximant, :lateral_flap] + NON_PULMONIC

PLACE =

Place of articulation features

CONSONANTAL.to_a - MANNER

HEIGHT =

Vowel height

[:close, :near_close, :close_mid, :mid, :open_mid, :near_open, :open]

BACKNESS =

Vowel backness

(VOCALIC.to_set - HEIGHT - [:rounded])

CLASSES =

Feature classes

{
  :labial       => [:bilabial, :labiodental].to_set,
  :coronal      => [:dental, :alveolar, :postalveolar, :retroflex].to_set,
  :dorsal       => [:palatal, :velar, :uvular].to_set,
  :radical      => [:pharyngeal, :epiglottal].to_set,
  :lateral      => [:lateral_fricative, :lateral_approximant, :lateral_flap].to_set,
  :liquid       => [:flap, :lateral_fricative, :lateral_approximant, :lateral_flap].to_set,
  :vocalic      => (VOCALIC + [:rounded]).to_set,
  :vocoid       => (VOCALIC + [:approximant]).to_set,
  :non_pulmonic => NON_PULMONIC.to_set,
  :pulmonic     => PULMONIC.to_set,
  :consonantal  => CONSONANTAL
}

DIACRITICS =

IPA diacritics for some sound modifiers such as devoicing, affricitization, etc.

{
  :affricate => [0x0361]
}

SETS =

Sets of distinctive features mapped to an IPA symbol

{
  [:voiced, :bilabial, :nasal].to_set                       => [0x006d],
  [:voiced, :labiodental, :nasal].to_set                    => [0x0271],
  [:voiced, :alveolar, :nasal].to_set                       => [0x006e],
  [:voiced, :retroflex, :nasal].to_set                      => [0x0273],
  [:voiced, :palatal, :nasal].to_set                        => [0x0272],
  [:voiced, :velar, :nasal].to_set                          => [0x014b],
  [:voiced, :uvular, :nasal].to_set                         => [0x0274],
  [:bilabial, :plosive].to_set                              => [0x0070],
  [:voiced, :bilabial, :plosive].to_set                     => [0x0062],
  [:labiodental, :plosive].to_set                           => [0x0070, 0x032a],
  [:voiced, :labiodental, :plosive].to_set                  => [0x0062, 0x032a],
  [:alveolar, :plosive].to_set                              => [0x0074],
  [:voiced, :alveolar, :plosive].to_set                     => [0x0064],
  [:retroflex, :plosive].to_set                             => [0x0288],
  [:voiced, :retroflex, :plosive].to_set                    => [0x0256],
  [:palatal, :plosive].to_set                               => [0x0063],
  [:voiced, :palatal, :plosive].to_set                      => [0x025f],
  [:velar, :plosive].to_set                                 => [0x006b],
  [:voiced, :velar, :plosive].to_set                        => [0x0261],
  [:uvular, :plosive].to_set                                => [0x0071],
  [:voiced, :uvular, :plosive].to_set                       => [0x0262],
  [:voiced, :epiglottal, :plosive].to_set                   => [0x02a1],
  [:voiced, :glottal, :plosive].to_set                      => [0x0294],
  [:bilabial, :fricative].to_set                            => [0x0278],
  [:voiced, :bilabial, :fricative].to_set                   => [0x03b2],
  [:labiodental, :fricative].to_set                         => [0x0066],
  [:voiced, :labiodental, :fricative].to_set                => [0x0076],
  [:dental, :fricative].to_set                              => [0x03b8],
  [:voiced, :dental, :fricative].to_set                     => [0x00f0],
  [:alveolar, :fricative].to_set                            => [0x0073],
  [:voiced, :alveolar, :fricative].to_set                   => [0x007a],
  [:postalveolar, :fricative].to_set                        => [0x0283],
  [:voiced, :postalveolar, :fricative].to_set               => [0x0292],
  [:retroflex, :fricative].to_set                           => [0x0282],
  [:voiced, :retroflex, :fricative].to_set                  => [0x0290],
  [:palatal, :fricative].to_set                             => [0x00e7],
  [:voiced, :palatal, :fricative].to_set                    => [0x029d],
  [:velar, :fricative].to_set                               => [0x0078],
  [:voiced, :velar, :fricative].to_set                      => [0x0263],
  [:uvular, :fricative].to_set                              => [0x03c7],
  [:voiced, :uvular, :fricative, :approximant].to_set       => [0x0281],
  [:pharyngeal, :fricative].to_set                          => [0x0127],
  [:voiced, :pharyngeal, :fricative, :approximant].to_set   => [0x0295],
  [:epiglottal, :fricative].to_set                          => [0x029c],
  [:voiced, :epiglottal, :fricative, :approximant].to_set   => [0x02a2],
  [:glottal, :fricative, :approximant].to_set               => [0x0068],
  [:voiced, :glottal, :fricative, :approximant].to_set      => [0x0266],
  [:voiced, :bilabial, :approximant].to_set                 => [0x03b2, 0x031e],
  [:voiced, :labiodental, :approximant].to_set              => [0x028b],
  [:voiced, :alveolar, :approximant].to_set                 => [0x0279],
  [:voiced, :retroflex, :approximant].to_set                => [0x027b],
  [:voiced, :palatal, :approximant].to_set                  => [0x006a],
  [:voiced, :velar, :approximant].to_set                    => [0x0270],
  [:voiced, :bilabial, :trill].to_set                       => [0x0299],
  [:voiced, :alveolar, :trill].to_set                       => [0x0072],
  [:voiced, :uvular, :trill].to_set                         => [0x0280],
  [:voiced, :epiglottal, :trill].to_set                     => [0x044f],
  [:voiced, :bilabial, :flap].to_set                        => [0x2c71, 0x031f],
  [:voiced, :labiodental, :flap].to_set                     => [0x2c71],
  [:voiced, :alveolar, :flap].to_set                        => [0x027e],
  [:voiced, :retroflex, :flap].to_set                       => [0x027d],
  [:voiced, :uvular, :flap].to_set                          => [0x0262, 0x0306],
  [:voiced, :epiglottal, :flap].to_set                      => [0x02a1, 0x032f],
  [:alveolar, :lateral_fricative].to_set                    => [0x026c],
  [:voiced, :alveolar, :lateral_fricative].to_set           => [0x026e],
  [:voiced, :alveolar, :lateral_approximant].to_set         => [0x006c],
  [:voiced, :retroflex, :lateral_approximant].to_set        => [0x026d],
  [:voiced, :palatal, :lateral_approximant].to_set          => [0x028e],
  [:voiced, :velar, :lateral_approximant].to_set            => [0x029f],
  [:voiced, :alveolar, :lateral_flap].to_set                => [0x027a],
  [:voiced, :palatal, :lateral_flap].to_set                 => [0x028e, 0x032f],
  [:voiced, :velar, :lateral_flap].to_set                   => [0x029f, 0x0306],
  [:voiced, :close, :front].to_set                          => [0x0069],
  [:voiced, :close, :front, :rounded].to_set                => [0x0079],
  [:voiced, :close, :central].to_set                        => [0x0268],
  [:voiced, :close, :central, :rounded].to_set              => [0x0289],
  [:voiced, :close, :back].to_set                           => [0x026f],
  [:voiced, :close, :back, :rounded].to_set                 => [0x0075],
  [:voiced, :near_close, :near_front].to_set                => [0x026a],
  [:voiced, :near_close, :near_front, :rounded].to_set      => [0x028f],
  [:voiced, :near_close, :near_back, :rounded].to_set       => [0x028a],
  [:voiced, :close_mid, :front].to_set                      => [0x0065],
  [:voiced, :close_mid, :front, :rounded].to_set            => [0x00f8],
  [:voiced, :close_mid, :central].to_set                    => [0x0258],
  [:voiced, :close_mid, :central, :rounded].to_set          => [0x0275],
  [:voiced, :close_mid, :back].to_set                       => [0x0264],
  [:voiced, :close_mid, :back, :rounded].to_set             => [0x006f],
  [:voiced, :mid, :central].to_set                          => [0x0259],
  [:voiced, :open_mid, :front].to_set                       => [0x025b],
  [:voiced, :open_mid, :front, :rounded].to_set             => [0x0153],
  [:voiced, :open_mid, :central].to_set                     => [0x025c],
  [:voiced, :open_mid, :central, :rounded].to_set           => [0x025e],
  [:voiced, :open_mid, :back].to_set                        => [0x028c],
  [:voiced, :open_mid, :back, :rounded].to_set              => [0x0254],
  [:voiced, :near_open, :front].to_set                      => [0x00e6],
  [:voiced, :near_open, :central].to_set                    => [0x0250],
  [:voiced, :open, :front].to_set                           => [0x0061],
  [:voiced, :open, :front, :rounded].to_set                 => [0x0276],
  [:voiced, :open, :back].to_set                            => [0x0251],
  [:voiced, :open, :back, :rounded].to_set                  => [0x0252],
  [:voiced, :retroflex, :lateral_fricative].to_set          => [0xa78e],
  [:voiced, :palatal, :lateral_fricative].to_set            => [0xf267],
  [:voiced, :velar, :lateral_fricative].to_set              => [0xf268],
  [:voiced, :retroflex, :lateral_flap].to_set               => [0xf269],
  [:voiced, :bilabial, :velar, :approximant].to_set         => [0x0077],
  [:bilabial, :velar, :approximant].to_set                  => [0x268d],
  [:voiced, :bilabial, :palatal, :approximant].to_set       => [0x0265],
  [:voiced, :velar, :alveolar, :lateral_approximant].to_set => [0x026b],
  [:palatal, :alveolar, :fricative].to_set                  => [0x0255],
  [:voiced, :palatal, :alveolar, :fricative].to_set         => [0x0291],
  [:palatal, :velar, :fricative].to_set                     => [0x0267]
}

Class Method Summary

• .expand(*args) ⇒ Object

  Given a Ruby :symbol feature class such as :coronal, return the corresponding features.

• .place_groups(*args) ⇒ Object
• .set(feature) ⇒ Object

  Return the set corresponding to the kind of feature: manner or place of articulation, or height or backness.

Class Method Details

.expand(*args) ⇒ Object

Given a Ruby :symbol feature class such as :coronal, return the corresponding features. If a single feature is given, just return the feature.

# File 'lib/phonology/features.rb', line 188

def expand(*args)
  args = args.first.kind_of?(Set) ? args.shift.to_a : args.flatten
  args.inject([].to_set) do |memo, obj|
    memo << (CLASSES[obj] || obj)
  end.flatten.to_set
end

.place_groups(*args) ⇒ Object

# File 'lib/phonology/features.rb', line 195

def place_groups(*args)
  args = args.first.kind_of?(Set) ? args.shift : args.flatten.to_set
  [:labial, :coronal, :dorsal, :radical].map do |fclass|
    fclass unless (CLASSES[fclass] & args).empty?
  end.compact.uniq
end

.set(feature) ⇒ Object

Return the set corresponding to the kind of feature: manner or place of articulation, or height or backness.

# File 'lib/phonology/features.rb', line 180

def set(feature)
  [MANNER, PLACE, BACKNESS, HEIGHT].each {|kind| return kind if kind.include? feature}
  nil
end