Class: Numo::NArray

Inherits:
Object
  • Object
show all
Defined in:
ext/numo/narray/narray.c,
lib/numo/narray/extra.rb,
ext/numo/narray/narray.c

Overview

Numo::NArray is the abstract super class for Numerical N-dimensional Array in the Ruby/Numo module. Use Typed Subclasses of NArray (Numo::DFloat, Int32, etc) to create data array instances.

Defined Under Namespace

Classes: CastError, DimensionError, OperationError, ShapeError, ValueError

Constant Summary collapse

VERSION =
rb_str_new2(NARRAY_VERSION)
@@warn_slow_dot =
false

Class Method Summary collapse

Instance Method Summary collapse

Constructor Details

#initialize(shape) ⇒ Numo::NArray #initialize(size0, size1, ...) ⇒ Numo::NArray

Constructs an instance of NArray class using the given and shape or sizes. Note that NArray itself is an abstract super class and not suitable to create instances. Use Typed Subclasses of NArray (DFloat, Int32, etc) to create instances. This method does not allocate memory for array data. Memory is allocated on write method such as #fill, #store, #seq, etc.

Examples:

i = Numo::Int64.new([2,4,3])
# => Numo::Int64#shape=[2,4,3](empty)

f = Numo::DFloat.new(3,4)
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[3,4](empty)

f.fill(2)
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[3,4]
# [[2, 2, 2, 2],
#  [2, 2, 2, 2],
#  [2, 2, 2, 2]]

x = Numo::NArray.new(5)
# => in `new': allocator undefined for Numo::NArray (TypeError)
#   	from t.rb:9:in `<main>'

Parameters:

  • shape (Array)

    (array of sizes along each dimension)

  • sizeN (Integer)

    (size along Nth-dimension)



372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 372

static VALUE
na_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE args)
{
    VALUE v;
    size_t *shape=NULL;
    int ndim;

    if (RARRAY_LEN(args) == 1) {
        v = RARRAY_AREF(args,0);
        if (TYPE(v) != T_ARRAY) {
            v = args;
        }
    } else {
        v = args;
    }
    ndim = RARRAY_LEN(v);
    if (ndim > NA_MAX_DIMENSION) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"ndim=%d exceeds maximum dimension",ndim);
    }
    shape = ALLOCA_N(size_t, ndim);
    // setup size_t shape[] from VALUE shape argument
    na_array_to_internal_shape(self, v, shape);
    na_setup(self, ndim, shape);

    return self;
}

Class Method Details

.[](elements) ⇒ NArray

Generate NArray object. NArray datatype is automatically selected.

Parameters:

  • elements (Numeric, Array)

Returns:



501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
# File 'ext/numo/narray/array.c', line 501

static VALUE
nary_s_bracket(VALUE klass, VALUE ary)
{
    VALUE dtype=Qnil;

    if (TYPE(ary)!=T_ARRAY) {
        rb_bug("Argument is not array");
    }
    dtype = na_ary_composition_dtype(ary);
    check_subclass_of_narray(dtype);
    return rb_funcall(dtype, id_cast, 1, ary);
}

.array_type(ary) ⇒ Object



488
489
490
491
492
# File 'ext/numo/narray/array.c', line 488

static VALUE
na_s_array_type(VALUE mod, VALUE ary)
{
    return na_ary_composition_dtype(ary);
}

.asarray(a) ⇒ Object



112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 112

def self.asarray(a)
  case a
  when NArray
    (a.ndim == 0) ? a[:new] : a
  when Numeric,Range
    self[a]
  else
    cast(a)
  end
end

.byte_sizeNumeric

Returns byte size of one element of NArray.

Returns:

  • (Numeric)

    byte size.



1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1332

static VALUE
nary_s_byte_size(VALUE type)
{
    return rb_const_get(type, id_element_byte_size);
}

.cast(a) ⇒ Object

Convert the argument to an narray if not an narray.



108
109
110
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 108

def self.cast(a)
  a.kind_of?(NArray) ? a : NArray.array_type(a).cast(a)
end

.column_stack(arrays) ⇒ Object

Stack 1-d arrays into columns of a 2-d array.

Examples:

x = Numo::Int32[1,2,3]
y = Numo::Int32[2,3,4]
Numo::NArray.column_stack([x,y])
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[3,2]
# [[1, 2],
#  [2, 3],
#  [3, 4]]


560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 560

def column_stack(arrays)
  arys = arrays.map do |a|
    a = cast(a)
    case a.ndim
    when 0; a[:new,:new]
    when 1; a[true,:new]
    else; a
    end
  end
  concatenate(arys,axis:1)
end

.concatenate(arrays, axis: 0) ⇒ Object

Examples:

a = Numo::DFloat[[1, 2], [3, 4]]
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[2,2]
# [[1, 2],
#  [3, 4]]

b = Numo::DFloat[[5, 6]]
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[1,2]
# [[5, 6]]

Numo::NArray.concatenate([a,b],axis:0)
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[3,2]
# [[1, 2],
#  [3, 4],
#  [5, 6]]

Numo::NArray.concatenate([a,b.transpose], axis:1)
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[2,3]
# [[1, 2, 5],
#  [3, 4, 6]]


414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 414

def concatenate(arrays,axis:0)
  klass = (self==NArray) ? NArray.array_type(arrays) : self
  nd = 0
  arrays = arrays.map do |a|
    case a
    when NArray
      # ok
    when Numeric
      a = klass[a]
    when Array
      a = klass.cast(a)
    else
      raise TypeError,"not Numo::NArray: #{a.inspect[0..48]}"
    end
    if a.ndim > nd
      nd = a.ndim
    end
    a
  end
  if axis < 0
    axis += nd
  end
  if axis < 0 || axis >= nd
    raise ArgumentError,"axis is out of range"
  end
  new_shape = nil
  sum_size = 0
  arrays.each do |a|
    a_shape = a.shape
    if nd != a_shape.size
      a_shape = [1]*(nd-a_shape.size) + a_shape
    end
    sum_size += a_shape.delete_at(axis)
    if new_shape
      if new_shape != a_shape
        raise ShapeError,"shape mismatch"
      end
    else
      new_shape = a_shape
    end
  end
  new_shape.insert(axis,sum_size)
  result = klass.zeros(*new_shape)
  lst = 0
  refs = [true] * nd
  arrays.each do |a|
    fst = lst
    lst = fst + (a.shape[axis-nd]||1)
    if lst > fst
      refs[axis] = fst...lst
      result[*refs] = a
    end
  end
  result
end

.debug=(flag) ⇒ Object



1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1869

static VALUE na_debug_set(VALUE mod, VALUE flag)
{
    na_debug_flag = RTEST(flag);
    return Qnil;
}

.diag_indices(m, n, k = 0) ⇒ Object

Return the k-th diagonal indices.



1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 1054

def self.diag_indices(m,n,k=0)
  x = Numo::Int64.new(m,1).seq + k
  y = Numo::Int64.new(1,n).seq
  (x.eq y).where
end

.dstack(arrays) ⇒ Object

Stack arrays in depth wise (along third axis).

Examples:

a = Numo::Int32[1,2,3]
b = Numo::Int32[2,3,4]
Numo::NArray.dstack([a,b])
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[1,3,2]
# [[[1, 2],
#   [2, 3],
#   [3, 4]]]

a = Numo::Int32[[1],[2],[3]]
b = Numo::Int32[[2],[3],[4]]
Numo::NArray.dstack([a,b])
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[3,1,2]
# [[[1, 2]],
#  [[2, 3]],
#  [[3, 4]]]


543
544
545
546
547
548
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 543

def dstack(arrays)
  arys = arrays.map do |a|
    _atleast_3d(cast(a))
  end
  concatenate(arys,axis:2)
end

.eye(n) ⇒ Numo::NArray

Returns a NArray with shape=(n,n) whose diagonal elements are 1, otherwise 0.

Examples:

a = Numo::DFloat.eye(3)
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[3,3]
# [[1, 0, 0],
#  [0, 1, 0],
#  [0, 0, 1]]

Parameters:

  • n (Integer)

    Size of NArray. Creates 2-D NArray with shape=(n,n)

Returns:



586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 586

static VALUE
na_s_eye(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
{
    VALUE obj;
    VALUE tmp[2];

    if (argc==0) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"No argument");
    }
    else if (argc==1) {
        tmp[0] = tmp[1] = argv[0];
        argv = tmp;
        argc = 2;
    }
    obj = rb_class_new_instance(argc, argv, klass);
    return rb_funcall(obj, id_eye, 0);
}

.from_binary(string, [shape]) ⇒ Numo::NArray

Returns a new 1-D array initialized from binary raw data in a string.

Parameters:

  • string (String)

    Binary raw data.

  • shape (Array)

    array of integers representing array shape.

Returns:



1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1346

static VALUE
nary_s_from_binary(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE type)
{
    size_t len, str_len, byte_size;
    size_t *shape;
    int   i, nd, narg;
    VALUE vstr, vshape, vna;
    VALUE velmsz;

    narg = rb_scan_args(argc,argv,"11",&vstr,&vshape);
    Check_Type(vstr,T_STRING);
    str_len = RSTRING_LEN(vstr);
    velmsz = rb_const_get(type, id_element_byte_size);
    if (narg==2) {
        switch(TYPE(vshape)) {
        case T_FIXNUM:
            nd = 1;
            len = NUM2SIZET(vshape);
            shape = &len;
            break;
        case T_ARRAY:
            nd = RARRAY_LEN(vshape);
            if (nd == 0 || nd > NA_MAX_DIMENSION) {
                rb_raise(nary_eDimensionError,"too long or empty shape (%d)", nd);
            }
            shape = ALLOCA_N(size_t,nd);
            len = 1;
            for (i=0; i<nd; ++i) {
                len *= shape[i] = NUM2SIZET(RARRAY_AREF(vshape,i));
            }
            break;
        default:
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"second argument must be size or shape");
        }
        if (FIXNUM_P(velmsz)) {
            byte_size = len * NUM2SIZET(velmsz);
        } else {
            byte_size = ceil(len * NUM2DBL(velmsz));
        }
        if (byte_size > str_len) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "specified size is too large");
        }
    } else {
        nd = 1;
        if (FIXNUM_P(velmsz)) {
            len = str_len / NUM2SIZET(velmsz);
            byte_size = len * NUM2SIZET(velmsz);
        } else {
            len = floor(str_len / NUM2DBL(velmsz));
            byte_size = str_len;
        }
        if (len == 0) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "string is empty or too short");
        }
        shape = ALLOCA_N(size_t,nd);
        shape[0] = len;
    }

    vna = nary_new(type, nd, shape);
    if (OBJ_FROZEN(vstr)) {
        na_set_pointer(vna, RSTRING_PTR(vstr), byte_size);
        rb_ivar_set(vna, id_source, vstr);
    } else {
        void *ptr = na_get_pointer_for_write(vna);
        memcpy(ptr, RSTRING_PTR(vstr), byte_size);
    }

    return vna;
}

.hstack(arrays) ⇒ Object

Stack arrays horizontally (column wise).

Examples:

a = Numo::Int32[1,2,3]
b = Numo::Int32[2,3,4]
Numo::NArray.hstack([a,b])
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[6]
# [1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4]

a = Numo::Int32[[1],[2],[3]]
b = Numo::Int32[[2],[3],[4]]
Numo::NArray.hstack([a,b])
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[3,2]
# [[1, 2],
#  [2, 3],
#  [3, 4]]


513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 513

def hstack(arrays)
  klass = (self==NArray) ? NArray.array_type(arrays) : self
  nd = 0
  arys = arrays.map do |a|
    a = klass.cast(a)
    nd = a.ndim if a.ndim > nd
    a
  end
  dim = (nd >= 2) ? 1 : 0
  concatenate(arys,axis:dim)
end

.inspect_colsInteger or nil

Returns the number of cols used for NArray#inspect

Returns:

  • (Integer or nil)

    the number of cols.



1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1924

static VALUE na_inspect_cols(VALUE mod)
{
    if (numo_na_inspect_cols > 0) {
        return INT2NUM(numo_na_inspect_cols);
    } else {
        return Qnil;
    }
}

.inspect_cols=(cols) ⇒ nil

Set the number of cols used for NArray#inspect

Parameters:

  • cols (Integer or nil)

    the number of cols

Returns:

  • (nil)


1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1939

static VALUE na_inspect_cols_set(VALUE mod, VALUE num)
{
    if (RTEST(num)) {
        numo_na_inspect_cols = NUM2INT(num);
    } else {
        numo_na_inspect_cols = 0;
    }
    return Qnil;
}

.inspect_rowsInteger or nil

Returns the number of rows used for NArray#inspect

Returns:

  • (Integer or nil)

    the number of rows.



1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1894

static VALUE na_inspect_rows(VALUE mod)
{
    if (numo_na_inspect_rows > 0) {
        return INT2NUM(numo_na_inspect_rows);
    } else {
        return Qnil;
    }
}

.inspect_rows=(rows) ⇒ nil

Set the number of rows used for NArray#inspect

Parameters:

  • rows (Integer or nil)

    the number of rows

Returns:

  • (nil)


1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1909

static VALUE na_inspect_rows_set(VALUE mod, VALUE num)
{
    if (RTEST(num)) {
        numo_na_inspect_rows = NUM2INT(num);
    } else {
        numo_na_inspect_rows = 0;
    }
    return Qnil;
}

.linspace(x1, x2, [n]) ⇒ Numo::NArray

Returns an array of N linearly spaced points between x1 and x2. This singleton method is valid not for NArray class itself but for typed NArray subclasses, e.g., DFloat, Int64.

Examples:

a = Numo::DFloat.linspace(-5,5,7)
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[7]
# [-5, -3.33333, -1.66667, 0, 1.66667, 3.33333, 5]

Parameters:

  • x1 (Numeric)

    The start value

  • x2 (Numeric)

    The end value

  • n (Integer)

    The number of elements. (default is 100).

Returns:



506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 506

static VALUE
na_s_linspace(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
{
    VALUE obj, vx1, vx2, vstep, vsize;
    double n;
    int narg;

    narg = rb_scan_args(argc,argv,"21",&vx1,&vx2,&vsize);
    if (narg==3) {
        n = NUM2DBL(vsize);
    } else {
        n = 100;
        vsize = INT2FIX(100);
    }

    obj = rb_funcall(vx2, '-', 1, vx1);
    vstep = rb_funcall(obj, '/', 1, DBL2NUM(n-1));

    obj = rb_class_new_instance(1, &vsize, klass);
    return rb_funcall(obj, id_seq, 2, vx1, vstep);
}

.logspace(a, b, [n, base]) ⇒ Numo::NArray

Returns an array of N logarithmically spaced points between 10^a and 10^b. This singleton method is valid not for NArray having logseq method, i.e., DFloat, SFloat, DComplex, and SComplex.

Examples:

Numo::DFloat.logspace(4,0,5,2)
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[5]
# [16, 8, 4, 2, 1]

Numo::DComplex.logspace(0,1i*Math::PI,5,Math::E)
# => Numo::DComplex#shape=[5]
# [1+4.44659e-323i, 0.707107+0.707107i, 6.12323e-17+1i, -0.707107+0.707107i, ...]

Parameters:

  • a (Numeric)

    The start value

  • b (Numeric)

    The end value

  • n (Integer)

    The number of elements. (default is 50)

  • base (Numeric)

    The base of log space. (default is 10)

Returns:



549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 549

static VALUE
na_s_logspace(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
{
    VALUE obj, vx1, vx2, vstep, vsize, vbase;
    double n;

    rb_scan_args(argc,argv,"22",&vx1,&vx2,&vsize,&vbase);
    if (vsize == Qnil) {
        vsize = INT2FIX(50);
        n = 50;
    } else {
        n = NUM2DBL(vsize);
    }
    if (vbase == Qnil) {
        vbase = DBL2NUM(10);
    }

    obj = rb_funcall(vx2, '-', 1, vx1);
    vstep = rb_funcall(obj, '/', 1, DBL2NUM(n-1));

    obj = rb_class_new_instance(1, &vsize, klass);
    return rb_funcall(obj, id_logseq, 3, vx1, vstep, vbase);
}

.new_like(obj) ⇒ Numo::NArray

Generate new unallocated NArray instance with shape and type defined from obj. Numo::NArray.new_like(obj) returns instance whose type is defined from obj. Numo::DFloat.new_like(obj) returns DFloat instance.

Examples:

Numo::NArray.new_like([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[2,3](empty)

Numo::DFloat.new_like([[1,2],[3,4]])
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[2,2](empty)

Numo::NArray.new_like([1,2i,3])
# => Numo::DComplex#shape=[3](empty)

Parameters:

Returns:



469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
# File 'ext/numo/narray/array.c', line 469

VALUE
na_s_new_like(VALUE type, VALUE obj)
{
    VALUE newary;

    na_composition3(obj, &type, 0, &newary);
    return newary;
}

.ones(shape) ⇒ Object .ones(size1, size2, ...) ⇒ Object

Returns a one-filled narray with shape. This singleton method is valid not for NArray class itself but for typed NArray subclasses, e.g., DFloat, Int64.

Examples:

a = Numo::DFloat.ones(3,5)
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[3,5]
# [[1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
#  [1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
#  [1, 1, 1, 1, 1]]


481
482
483
484
485
486
487
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 481

static VALUE
na_s_ones(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
{
    VALUE obj;
    obj = rb_class_new_instance(argc, argv, klass);
    return rb_funcall(obj, id_fill, 1, INT2FIX(1));
}

.parse(str, split1d: /\s+/, split2d: /;?$|;/, split3d: /\s*\n(\s*\n)+/m) ⇒ Object

parse matrix like matlab, octave

Examples:

a = Numo::DFloat.parse %[
 2 -3 5
 4 9 7
 2 -1 6
]
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[3,3]
# [[2, -3, 5],
#  [4, 9, 7],
#  [2, -1, 6]]


135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 135

def self.parse(str, split1d:/\s+/, split2d:/;?$|;/,
               split3d:/\s*\n(\s*\n)+/m)
  a = []
  str.split(split3d).each do |block|
    b = []
    #print "b"; p block
    block.split(split2d).each do |line|
      #p line
      line.strip!
      if !line.empty?
        c = []
        line.split(split1d).each do |item|
          c << eval(item.strip) if !item.empty?
        end
        b << c if !c.empty?
      end
    end
    a << b if !b.empty?
  end
  if a.size==1
    self.cast(a[0])
  else
    self.cast(a)
  end
end

.profileObject



1877
1878
1879
1880
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1877

static VALUE na_profile(VALUE mod)
{
    return rb_float_new(na_profile_value);
}

.profile=(val) ⇒ Object



1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1882

static VALUE na_profile_set(VALUE mod, VALUE val)
{
    na_profile_value = NUM2DBL(val);
    return val;
}

.tril_indices(m, n, k = 0) ⇒ Object

Return the indices for the lower-triangle on and below the k-th diagonal.



1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 1038

def self.tril_indices(m,n,k=0)
  x = Numo::Int64.new(m,1).seq + k
  y = Numo::Int64.new(1,n).seq
  (x>=y).where
end

.triu_indices(m, n, k = 0) ⇒ Object

Return the indices for the uppler-triangle on and above the k-th diagonal.



999
1000
1001
1002
1003
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 999

def self.triu_indices(m,n,k=0)
  x = Numo::Int64.new(m,1).seq + k
  y = Numo::Int64.new(1,n).seq
  (x<=y).where
end

.upcast(type2) ⇒ Object




1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1268

VALUE
numo_na_upcast(VALUE type1, VALUE type2)
{
    VALUE upcast_hash;
    VALUE result_type;

    if (type1==type2) {
        return type1;
    }
    upcast_hash = rb_const_get(type1, id_UPCAST);
    result_type = rb_hash_aref(upcast_hash, type2);
    if (NIL_P(result_type)) {
        if (TYPE(type2)==T_CLASS) {
            if (RTEST(rb_class_inherited_p(type2,cNArray))) {
                upcast_hash = rb_const_get(type2, id_UPCAST);
                result_type = rb_hash_aref(upcast_hash, type1);
            }
        }
    }
    return result_type;
}

.vstack(arrays) ⇒ Object

Stack arrays vertically (row wise).

Examples:

a = Numo::Int32[1,2,3]
b = Numo::Int32[2,3,4]
Numo::NArray.vstack([a,b])
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[2,3]
# [[1, 2, 3],
#  [2, 3, 4]]

a = Numo::Int32[[1],[2],[3]]
b = Numo::Int32[[2],[3],[4]]
Numo::NArray.vstack([a,b])
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[6,1]
# [[1],
#  [2],
#  [3],
#  [2],
#  [3],
#  [4]]


490
491
492
493
494
495
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 490

def vstack(arrays)
  arys = arrays.map do |a|
    _atleast_2d(cast(a))
  end
  concatenate(arys,axis:0)
end

.zeros(shape) ⇒ Object .zeros(size1, size2, ...) ⇒ Object

Returns a zero-filled narray with shape. This singleton method is valid not for NArray class itself but for typed NArray subclasses, e.g., DFloat, Int64.

Examples:

a = Numo::DFloat.zeros(3,5)
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[3,5]
# [[0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
#  [0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
#  [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]


457
458
459
460
461
462
463
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 457

static VALUE
na_s_zeros(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
{
    VALUE obj;
    obj = rb_class_new_instance(argc, argv, klass);
    return rb_funcall(obj, id_fill, 1, INT2FIX(0));
}

Instance Method Details

#==(other) ⇒ Boolean

Equality of self and other in view of numerical array. i.e., both arrays have same shape and corresponding elements are equal.

Parameters:

  • other (Object)

Returns:

  • (Boolean)

    true if self and other is equal.



1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1957

static VALUE
na_equal(VALUE self, volatile VALUE other)
{
    volatile VALUE vbool;
    narray_t *na1, *na2;
    int i;

    GetNArray(self,na1);

    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(other,cNArray)) {
        other = rb_funcall(rb_obj_class(self), id_cast, 1, other);
    }

    GetNArray(other,na2);
    if (na1->ndim != na2->ndim) {
        return Qfalse;
    }
    for (i=0; i<na1->ndim; i++) {
        if (na1->shape[i] != na2->shape[i]) {
            return Qfalse;
        }
    }
    if (na1->size == 0) {
      return Qtrue;
    }
    vbool = rb_funcall(self, id_eq, 1, other);
    return (rb_funcall(vbool, id_count_false, 0)==INT2FIX(0)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
}

#[]Object

#[]=Object

#append(other, axis: nil) ⇒ Object

Append values to the end of an narray.

Examples:

a = Numo::DFloat[1, 2, 3]
a.append([[4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[9]
# [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

a = Numo::DFloat[[1, 2, 3]]
a.append([[4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]],axis:0)
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[3,3]
# [[1, 2, 3],
#  [4, 5, 6],
#  [7, 8, 9]]

a = Numo::DFloat[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
a.append([7, 8, 9], axis:0)
# in `append': dimension mismatch (Numo::NArray::DimensionError)


228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 228

def append(other,axis:nil)
  other = self.class.cast(other)
  if axis
    if ndim != other.ndim
      raise DimensionError, "dimension mismatch"
    end
    return concatenate(other,axis:axis)
  else
    a = self.class.zeros(size+other.size)
    a[0...size] = self[true]
    a[size..-1] = other[true]
    return a
  end
end

#at(dim0, ..., dimL) ⇒ Numo::NArray

Multi-dimensional array indexing. Similar to numpy’s tuple indexing, i.e., ‘a[,[3,4,..]]` Same as Numo::NArray#[] for one-dimensional NArray.

Examples:

x = Numo::DFloat.new(3,3,3).seq
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[3,3,3]
#  [[[0, 1, 2],
#    [3, 4, 5],
#    [6, 7, 8]],
#   [[9, 10, 11],
#    [12, 13, 14],
#    [15, 16, 17]],
#   [[18, 19, 20],
#    [21, 22, 23],
#    [24, 25, 26]]]

x.at([0,1,2],[0,1,2],[-1,-2,-3])
# => Numo::DFloat(view)#shape=[3]
#  [2, 13, 24]

Parameters:

  • dim0,...,dimL (Range, Array, Numo::Int32, Numo::Int64)

    multi-dimensional index arrays.

Returns:

See Also:



1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
# File 'ext/numo/narray/index.c', line 1123

static VALUE na_at(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    int i;
    size_t n;
    ssize_t stride=1;
    narray_t *na;
    VALUE idx=Qnil;

    na_index_arg_to_internal_order(argc, argv, self);

    GetNArray(self,na);
    if (NA_NDIM(na) != argc) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"the number of argument must be same as dimension");
    }
    for (i=argc; i>0; ) {
        i--;
        n = NA_SHAPE(na)[i];
        na_at_parse_each(argv[i], n, i, &idx, stride);
        stride *= n;
    }
    return na_aref_main(1, &idx, self, 1, 1);
}

#byte_sizeInteger

Returns total byte size of NArray.

Returns:

  • (Integer)

    byte size.



1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1314

static VALUE
nary_byte_size(VALUE self)
{
    VALUE velmsz;
    narray_t *na;

    GetNArray(self,na);
    velmsz = rb_const_get(rb_obj_class(self), id_element_byte_size);
    if (FIXNUM_P(velmsz)) {
        return SIZET2NUM(NUM2SIZET(velmsz) * na->size);
    }
    return SIZET2NUM(ceil(NUM2DBL(velmsz) * na->size));
}

#byte_swapped?Boolean Also known as: network_order?

Return true if byte swapped.

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1806

static VALUE na_byte_swapped_p( VALUE self )
{
    if (TEST_BYTE_SWAPPED(self))
      return Qtrue;
    return Qfalse;
}

#cast_to(datatype) ⇒ Numo::NArray

Cast self to another NArray datatype.

Parameters:

  • datatype (Class)

    NArray datatype.

Returns:



1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1586

static VALUE
nary_cast_to(VALUE obj, VALUE type)
{
    return rb_funcall(type, id_cast, 1, obj);
}

#coerce(other) ⇒ Array

Returns an array containing other and self, both are converted to upcasted type of NArray. Note that NArray has distinct UPCAST mechanism. Coerce is used for operation between non-NArray and NArray.

Parameters:

  • other (Object)

    numeric object.

Returns:

  • (Array)

    NArray-casted [other,self]



1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1299

static VALUE
nary_coerce(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    VALUE type;

    type = numo_na_upcast(rb_obj_class(x), rb_obj_class(y));
    y = rb_funcall(type,id_cast,1,y);
    return rb_assoc_new(y , x);
}

#column_major?Boolean

Return true if column major.

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1783

static VALUE na_column_major_p( VALUE self )
{
    if (TEST_COLUMN_MAJOR(self))
	return Qtrue;
    else
	return Qfalse;
}

#concatenate(*arrays, axis: 0) ⇒ Object

Examples:

a = Numo::DFloat[[1, 2], [3, 4]]
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[2,2]
# [[1, 2],
#  [3, 4]]

b = Numo::DFloat[[5, 6]]
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[1,2]
# [[5, 6]]

a.concatenate(b,axis:0)
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[3,2]
# [[1, 2],
#  [3, 4],
#  [5, 6]]

a.concatenate(b.transpose, axis:1)
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[2,3]
# [[1, 2, 5],
#  [3, 4, 6]]


615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 615

def concatenate(*arrays,axis:0)
  axis = check_axis(axis)
  self_shape = shape
  self_shape.delete_at(axis)
  sum_size = shape[axis]
  arrays.map! do |a|
    case a
    when NArray
      # ok
    when Numeric
      a = self.class.new(1).store(a)
    when Array
      a = self.class.cast(a)
    else
      raise TypeError,"not Numo::NArray: #{a.inspect[0..48]}"
    end
    if a.ndim > ndim
      raise ShapeError,"dimension mismatch"
    end
    a_shape = a.shape
    sum_size += a_shape.delete_at(axis-ndim) || 1
    if self_shape != a_shape
      raise ShapeError,"shape mismatch"
    end
    a
  end
  self_shape.insert(axis,sum_size)
  result = self.class.zeros(*self_shape)
  lst = shape[axis]
  refs = [true] * ndim
  if lst > 0
    refs[axis] = 0...lst
    result[*refs] = self
  end
  arrays.each do |a|
    fst = lst
    lst = fst + (a.shape[axis-ndim] || 1)
    if lst > fst
      refs[axis] = fst...lst
      result[*refs] = a
    end
  end
  result
end

#contiguous?Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 993

VALUE
na_check_contiguous(VALUE self)
{
    ssize_t elmsz;
    narray_t *na;
    GetNArray(self,na);

    switch(na->type) {
    case NARRAY_DATA_T:
    case NARRAY_FILEMAP_T:
        return Qtrue;
    case NARRAY_VIEW_T:
        if (NA_VIEW_STRIDX(na)==0) {
            return Qtrue;
        }
        if (na_check_ladder(self,0)==Qtrue) {
            elmsz = nary_element_stride(self);
            if (elmsz == NA_STRIDE_AT(na,NA_NDIM(na)-1)) {
                return Qtrue;
            }
        }
    }
    return Qfalse;
}

#cov(y = nil, ddof: 1, fweights: nil, aweights: nil) ⇒ Object

under construction



1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 1240

def cov(y=nil, ddof:1, fweights:nil, aweights:nil)
  if y
    m = NArray.vstack([self,y])
  else
    m = self
  end
  w = nil
  if fweights
    f = fweights
    w = f
  end
  if aweights
    a = aweights
    w = w ? w*a : a
  end
  if w
    w_sum = w.sum(axis:-1, keepdims:true)
    if ddof == 0
      fact = w_sum
    elsif aweights.nil?
      fact = w_sum - ddof
    else
      wa_sum = (w*a).sum(axis:-1, keepdims:true)
      fact = w_sum - ddof * wa_sum / w_sum
    end
    if (fact <= 0).any?
      raise StandardError,"Degrees of freedom <= 0 for slice"
    end
  else
    fact = m.shape[-1] - ddof
  end
  if w
    m -= (m*w).sum(axis:-1, keepdims:true) / w_sum
    mw = m*w
  else
    m -= m.mean(axis:-1, keepdims:true)
    mw = m
  end
  mt = (m.ndim < 2) ? m : m.swapaxes(-2,-1)
  mw.dot(mt.conj) / fact
end

#debug_infoObject



133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 133

VALUE
nary_debug_info(VALUE self)
{
    int i;
    narray_t *na;
    GetNArray(self,na);

    printf("%s:\n",rb_class2name(rb_obj_class(self)));
    printf("  id     = 0x%"PRI_VALUE_PREFIX"x\n", self);
    printf("  type   = %d\n", na->type);
    printf("  flag   = [%d,%d]\n", na->flag[0], na->flag[1]);
    printf("  size   = %"SZF"d\n", na->size);
    printf("  ndim   = %d\n", na->ndim);
    printf("  shape  = 0x%"SZF"x\n", (size_t)na->shape);
    if (na->shape) {
        printf("  shape  = [");
        for (i=0;i<na->ndim;i++)
            printf(" %"SZF"d", na->shape[i]);
        printf(" ]\n");
    }

    switch(na->type) {
    case NARRAY_DATA_T:
    case NARRAY_FILEMAP_T:
        nary_debug_info_nadata(self);
        break;
    case NARRAY_VIEW_T:
        nary_debug_info_naview(self);
        break;
    }
    return Qnil;
}

#deg2radObject

Convert angles from degrees to radians.



30
31
32
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 30

def deg2rad
  self * (Math::PI/180)
end

#delete(indice, axis = nil) ⇒ Object

Examples:

a = Numo::DFloat[[1,2,3,4], [5,6,7,8], [9,10,11,12]]
a.delete(1,0)
# => Numo::DFloat(view)#shape=[2,4]
# [[1, 2, 3, 4],
#  [9, 10, 11, 12]]

a.delete((0..-1).step(2),1)
# => Numo::DFloat(view)#shape=[3,2]
# [[2, 4],
#  [6, 8],
#  [10, 12]]

a.delete([1,3,5])
# => Numo::DFloat(view)#shape=[9]
# [1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]


263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 263

def delete(indice,axis=nil)
  if axis
    bit = Bit.ones(shape[axis])
    bit[indice] = 0
    idx = [true]*ndim
    idx[axis] = bit.where
    return self[*idx].copy
  else
    bit = Bit.ones(size)
    bit[indice] = 0
    return self[bit.where].copy
  end
end

#diag(k = 0) ⇒ Object

Return a matrix whose diagonal is constructed by self along the last axis.



1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 1061

def diag(k=0)
  *shp,n = shape
  n += k.abs
  a = self.class.zeros(*shp,n,n)
  a.diagonal(k).store(self)
  a
end

#diag_indices(k = 0) ⇒ Object

Return the k-th diagonal indices.



1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 1045

def diag_indices(k=0)
  if ndim < 2
    raise NArray::ShapeError, "must be >= 2-dimensional array"
  end
  m,n = shape[-2..-1]
  NArray.diag_indices(m,n,k)
end

#diagonal([offset,axes]) ⇒ Numo::NArray

Returns a diagonal view of NArray

Examples:

a = Numo::DFloat.new(4,5).seq
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[4,5]
# [[0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
#  [5, 6, 7, 8, 9],
#  [10, 11, 12, 13, 14],
#  [15, 16, 17, 18, 19]]
b = a.diagonal(1)
# => Numo::DFloat(view)#shape=[4]
# [1, 7, 13, 19]

b.store(0)
a
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[4,5]
# [[0, 0, 2, 3, 4],
#  [5, 6, 0, 8, 9],
#  [10, 11, 12, 0, 14],
#  [15, 16, 17, 18, 0]]

b.store([1,2,3,4])
a
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[4,5]
# [[0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
#  [5, 6, 2, 8, 9],
#  [10, 11, 12, 3, 14],
#  [15, 16, 17, 18, 4]]

Parameters:

  • offset (Integer)

    Diagonal offset from the main diagonal. The default is 0. k>0 for diagonals above the main diagonal, and k<0 for diagonals below the main diagonal.

  • axes (Array)

    Array of axes to be used as the 2-d sub-arrays from which the diagonals should be taken. Defaults to last-two axes ([-2,-1]).

Returns:



616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
# File 'ext/numo/narray/data.c', line 616

static VALUE
na_diagonal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    int  i, k, nd;
    size_t  j;
    size_t *idx0, *idx1, *diag_idx;
    size_t *shape;
    size_t  diag_size;
    ssize_t stride, stride0, stride1;
    narray_t *na;
    narray_view_t *na1, *na2;
    VALUE view;
    VALUE vofs=0, vaxes=0;
    ssize_t kofs;
    size_t k0, k1;
    int ax[2];

    // check arguments
    if (argc>2) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"too many arguments (%d for 0..2)",argc);
    }

    for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
        switch(TYPE(argv[i])) {
        case T_FIXNUM:
            if (vofs) {
                rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"offset is given twice");
            }
            vofs = argv[i];
            break;
        case T_ARRAY:
            if (vaxes) {
                rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"axes-array is given twice");
            }
            vaxes = argv[i];
            break;
        }
    }

    if (vofs) {
        kofs = NUM2SSIZET(vofs);
    } else {
        kofs = 0;
    }

    GetNArray(self,na);
    nd = na->ndim;
    if (nd < 2) {
        rb_raise(nary_eDimensionError,"less than 2-d array");
    }

    if (vaxes) {
        if (RARRAY_LEN(vaxes) != 2) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"axes must be 2-element array");
        }
        ax[0] = NUM2INT(RARRAY_AREF(vaxes,0));
        ax[1] = NUM2INT(RARRAY_AREF(vaxes,1));
        if (ax[0]<-nd || ax[0]>=nd || ax[1]<-nd || ax[1]>=nd) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"axis out of range:[%d,%d]",ax[0],ax[1]);
        }
        if (ax[0]<0) {ax[0] += nd;}
        if (ax[1]<0) {ax[1] += nd;}
        if (ax[0]==ax[1]) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"same axes:[%d,%d]",ax[0],ax[1]);
        }
    } else {
        ax[0] = nd-2;
        ax[1] = nd-1;
    }

    // Diagonal offset from the main diagonal.
    if (kofs >= 0) {
        k0 = 0;
        k1 = kofs;
        if (k1 >= na->shape[ax[1]]) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"invalid diagonal offset(%"SZF"d) for "
                     "last dimension size(%"SZF"d)",kofs,na->shape[ax[1]]);
        }
    } else {
        k0 = -kofs;
        k1 = 0;
        if (k0 >= na->shape[ax[0]]) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"invalid diagonal offset(=%"SZF"d) for "
                     "last-1 dimension size(%"SZF"d)",kofs,na->shape[ax[0]]);
        }
    }

    diag_size = MIN(na->shape[ax[0]]-k0,na->shape[ax[1]]-k1);

    // new shape
    shape = ALLOCA_N(size_t,nd-1);
    for (i=k=0; i<nd; i++) {
        if (i != ax[0] && i != ax[1]) {
            shape[k++] = na->shape[i];
        }
    }
    shape[k] = diag_size;

    // new object
    view = na_s_allocate_view(rb_obj_class(self));
    na_copy_flags(self, view);
    GetNArrayView(view, na2);

    // new stride
    na_setup_shape((narray_t*)na2, nd-1, shape);
    na2->stridx = ALLOC_N(stridx_t, nd-1);

    switch(na->type) {
    case NARRAY_DATA_T:
    case NARRAY_FILEMAP_T:
        na2->offset = 0;
        na2->data = self;
        stride = stride0 = stride1 = nary_element_stride(self);
        for (i=nd,k=nd-2; i--; ) {
            if (i==ax[1]) {
                stride1 = stride;
                if (kofs > 0) {
                    na2->offset = kofs*stride;
                }
            } else if (i==ax[0]) {
                stride0 = stride;
                if (kofs < 0) {
                    na2->offset = (-kofs)*stride;
                }
            } else {
                SDX_SET_STRIDE(na2->stridx[--k],stride);
            }
            stride *= na->shape[i];
        }
        SDX_SET_STRIDE(na2->stridx[nd-2],stride0+stride1);
        break;

    case NARRAY_VIEW_T:
        GetNArrayView(self, na1);
        na2->data = na1->data;
        na2->offset = na1->offset;
        for (i=k=0; i<nd; i++) {
            if (i != ax[0] && i != ax[1]) {
                if (SDX_IS_INDEX(na1->stridx[i])) {
                    idx0 = SDX_GET_INDEX(na1->stridx[i]);
                    idx1 = ALLOC_N(size_t, na->shape[i]);
                    for (j=0; j<na->shape[i]; j++) {
                        idx1[j] = idx0[j];
                    }
                    SDX_SET_INDEX(na2->stridx[k],idx1);
                } else {
                    na2->stridx[k] = na1->stridx[i];
                }
                k++;
            }
        }
        if (SDX_IS_INDEX(na1->stridx[ax[0]])) {
            idx0 = SDX_GET_INDEX(na1->stridx[ax[0]]);
            diag_idx = ALLOC_N(size_t, diag_size);
            if (SDX_IS_INDEX(na1->stridx[ax[1]])) {
                idx1 = SDX_GET_INDEX(na1->stridx[ax[1]]);
                for (j=0; j<diag_size; j++) {
                    diag_idx[j] = idx0[j+k0] + idx1[j+k1];
                }
            } else {
                stride1 = SDX_GET_STRIDE(na1->stridx[ax[1]]);
                for (j=0; j<diag_size; j++) {
                    diag_idx[j] = idx0[j+k0] + stride1*(j+k1);
                }
            }
            SDX_SET_INDEX(na2->stridx[nd-2],diag_idx);
        } else {
            stride0 = SDX_GET_STRIDE(na1->stridx[ax[0]]);
            if (SDX_IS_INDEX(na1->stridx[ax[1]])) {
                idx1 = SDX_GET_INDEX(na1->stridx[ax[1]]);
                diag_idx = ALLOC_N(size_t, diag_size);
                for (j=0; j<diag_size; j++) {
                    diag_idx[j] = stride0*(j+k0) + idx1[j+k1];
                }
                SDX_SET_INDEX(na2->stridx[nd-2],diag_idx);
            } else {
                stride1 = SDX_GET_STRIDE(na1->stridx[ax[1]]);
                na2->offset += stride0*k0 + stride1*k1;
                SDX_SET_STRIDE(na2->stridx[nd-2],stride0+stride1);
            }
        }
        break;
    }
    return view;
}

#diff(n = 1, axis: -1)) ⇒ Object

Calculate the n-th discrete difference along given axis.

Examples:

x = Numo::DFloat[1, 2, 4, 7, 0]
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[5]
# [1, 2, 4, 7, 0]

x.diff
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[4]
# [1, 2, 3, -7]

x.diff(2)
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[3]
# [1, 1, -10]

x = Numo::DFloat[[1, 3, 6, 10], [0, 5, 6, 8]]
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[2,4]
# [[1, 3, 6, 10],
#  [0, 5, 6, 8]]

x.diff
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[2,3]
# [[2, 3, 4],
#  [5, 1, 2]]

x.diff(axis:0)
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[1,4]
# [[-1, 2, 0, -2]]


939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 939

def diff(n=1,axis:-1)
  axis = check_axis(axis)
  if n < 0 || n >= shape[axis]
    raise ShapeError,"n=#{n} is invalid for shape[#{axis}]=#{shape[axis]}"
  end
  # calculate polynomial coefficient
  c = self.class[-1,1]
  2.upto(n) do |i|
    x = self.class.zeros(i+1)
    x[0..-2] = c
    y = self.class.zeros(i+1)
    y[1..-1] = c
    c = y - x
  end
  s = [true]*ndim
  s[axis] = n..-1
  result = self[*s].dup
  sum = result.inplace
  (n-1).downto(0) do |i|
    s = [true]*ndim
    s[axis] = i..-n-1+i
    sum + self[*s] * c[i] # inplace addition
  end
  return result
end

#dot(b) ⇒ Numo::NArray

Dot product of two arrays.

Parameters:

Returns:



1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 1090

def dot(b)
  t = self.class::UPCAST[b.class]
  if defined?(Linalg) && [SFloat,DFloat,SComplex,DComplex].include?(t)
    Linalg.dot(self,b)
  else
    b = self.class.asarray(b)
    case b.ndim
    when 1
      mulsum(b, axis:-1)
    else
      case ndim
      when 0
        b.mulsum(self, axis:-2)
      when 1
        self[true,:new].mulsum(b, axis:-2)
      else
        unless @@warn_slow_dot
          nx = 200
          ns = 200000
          am,an = shape[-2..-1]
          bm,bn = b.shape[-2..-1]
          if am > nx && an > nx && bm > nx && bn > nx &&
              size > ns && b.size > ns
            @@warn_slow_dot = true
            warn "\nwarning: Built-in matrix dot is slow. Consider installing Numo::Linalg.\n\n"
          end
        end
        self[false,:new].mulsum(b[false,:new,true,true], axis:-2)
      end
    end
  end
end

#dsplit(indices_or_sections) ⇒ Object



765
766
767
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 765

def dsplit(indices_or_sections)
  split(indices_or_sections, axis:2)
end

#each_over_axis(axis = 0) ⇒ Object

Iterate over an axis

Examples:

> a = Numo::DFloat.new(2,2,2).seq
> p a
Numo::DFloat#shape=[2,2,2]
[[[0, 1],
  [2, 3]],
 [[4, 5],
  [6, 7]]]

> a.each_over_axis{|i| p i}
Numo::DFloat(view)#shape=[2,2]
[[0, 1],
 [2, 3]]
Numo::DFloat(view)#shape=[2,2]
[[4, 5],
 [6, 7]]

> a.each_over_axis(1){|i| p i}
Numo::DFloat(view)#shape=[2,2]
[[0, 1],
 [4, 5]]
Numo::DFloat(view)#shape=[2,2]
[[2, 3],
 [6, 7]]


188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 188

def each_over_axis(axis=0)
  unless block_given?
    return to_enum(:each_over_axis,axis)
  end
  if ndim == 0
    if axis != 0
      raise ArgumentError,"axis=#{axis} is invalid"
    end
    niter = 1
  else
    axis = check_axis(axis)
    niter = shape[axis]
  end
  idx = [true]*ndim
  niter.times do |i|
    idx[axis] = i
    yield(self[*idx])
  end
  self
end

#empty?Boolean

Returns true if self.size == 0.

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 812

static VALUE
na_empty_p(VALUE self)
{
    narray_t *na;
    GetNArray(self,na);
    if (NA_SIZE(na)==0) {
        return Qtrue;
    }
    return Qfalse;
}

#expand_dims(dim) ⇒ Numo::NArray

Expand the shape of an array. Insert a new axis with size=1 at a given dimension.

Parameters:

  • dim (Integer)

    dimension at which new axis is inserted.

Returns:



1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1126

static VALUE
na_expand_dims(VALUE self, VALUE vdim)
{
    int  i, j, nd, dim;
    size_t *shape, *na_shape;
    stridx_t *stridx, *na_stridx;
    narray_t *na;
    narray_view_t *na2;
    VALUE view;

    GetNArray(self,na);
    nd = na->ndim;

    dim = NUM2INT(vdim);
    if (dim < -nd-1 || dim > nd) {
        rb_raise(nary_eDimensionError,"invalid axis (%d for %dD NArray)",
                 dim,nd);
    }
    if (dim < 0) {
        dim += nd+1;
    }

    view = na_make_view(self);
    GetNArrayView(view, na2);

    shape = ALLOC_N(size_t,nd+1);
    stridx = ALLOC_N(stridx_t,nd+1);
    na_shape = na2->base.shape;
    na_stridx = na2->stridx;

    for (i=j=0; i<=nd; i++) {
        if (i==dim) {
            shape[i] = 1;
            SDX_SET_STRIDE(stridx[i],0);
        } else {
            shape[i] = na_shape[j];
            stridx[i] = na_stridx[j];
            j++;
        }
    }

    na2->stridx = stridx;
    xfree(na_stridx);
    na2->base.shape = shape;
    if (na_shape != &(na2->base.size)) {
        xfree(na_shape);
    }
    na2->base.ndim++;
    return view;
}

#flattenObject

deprecated



569
570
571
572
573
# File 'ext/numo/narray/data.c', line 569

VALUE
na_flatten(VALUE self)
{
    return na_flatten_dim(self,0);
}

#fliplrObject

Flip each row in the left/right direction. Same as ‘a[true, (-1..0).step(-1), …]`.



36
37
38
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 36

def fliplr
  reverse(1)
end

#flipudObject

Flip each column in the up/down direction. Same as ‘a[(-1..0).step(-1), …]`.



42
43
44
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 42

def flipud
  reverse(0)
end

#fortran_contiguous?Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1018

VALUE
na_check_fortran_contiguous(VALUE self)
{
    int i;
    ssize_t st0;
    narray_t *na;

    switch(RNARRAY_TYPE(self)) {
    case NARRAY_DATA_T:
    case NARRAY_FILEMAP_T:
        return Qfalse;
    case NARRAY_VIEW_T:
        GetNArray(self,na);

        // not contiguous if it has index
        for (i=0; i < NA_NDIM(na); i++) {
            if (NA_IS_INDEX_AT(na,i))
                return Qfalse;
        }

        // check f-contiguous
        st0 = nary_element_stride(self); // elmsz
        for (i=0; i < NA_NDIM(na); i++) {
            if (NA_SHAPE(na)[i] == 1)
                continue;
            if (NA_STRIDE_AT(na, i) != st0)
                return Qfalse;
            st0 *= NA_SHAPE(na)[i];
        }
    }
    return Qtrue;
}

#freeObject

Release memory for array data. Ignored for NArray-view. This method is useful to free memory of referenced (i.e., GC does not work) but unused NArray object.



830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 830

static VALUE
na_free(VALUE self)
{
    narray_t *na;
    char *ptr;

    GetNArray(self,na);

    switch(NA_TYPE(na)) {
    case NARRAY_DATA_T:
        ptr = NA_DATA_PTR(na);
        if (ptr != NULL) {
            NA_DATA_PTR(na) = NULL;
            xfree(ptr);
        }
        break;
    case NARRAY_VIEW_T:
        break;
    case NARRAY_FILEMAP_T:
    default:
        rb_bug("invalid narray type : %d",NA_TYPE(na));
    }
    return self;
}

#host_order?Boolean Also known as: little_endian?, vacs_order?

Return true if not byte swapped.

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1816

static VALUE na_host_order_p( VALUE self )
{
    if (TEST_BYTE_SWAPPED(self))
      return Qfalse;
    return Qtrue;
}

#hsplit(indices_or_sections) ⇒ Object



761
762
763
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 761

def hsplit(indices_or_sections)
  split(indices_or_sections, axis:1)
end

#initialize_copy(other) ⇒ Numo::NArray

Replaces the contents of self with the contents of other narray. Used in dup and clone method.

Parameters:

Returns:



429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 429

static VALUE
na_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE orig)
{
    narray_t *na;
    GetNArray(orig,na);

    na_setup(self,NA_NDIM(na),NA_SHAPE(na));
    na_store(self,orig);
    na_copy_flags(orig,self);
    return self;
}

#inner(b, axis: -1)) ⇒ Numo::NArray

Inner product of two arrays. Same as ‘(a*b).sum(axis:-1)`.

Parameters:

  • b (Numo::NArray)
  • axis (Integer) (defaults to: -1))

    applied axis

Returns:



1129
1130
1131
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 1129

def inner(b, axis:-1)
  mulsum(b, axis:axis)
end

#inplaceNumo::NArray

Returns view of narray with inplace flagged.

Returns:



1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1828

static VALUE na_inplace( VALUE self )
{
    VALUE view = self;
    view = na_make_view(self);
    SET_INPLACE(view);
    return view;
}

#inplace!Numo::NArray

Set inplace flag to self.

Returns:



1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1840

static VALUE na_inplace_bang( VALUE self )
{
    SET_INPLACE(self);
    return self;
}

#inplace?Boolean

Return true if inplace flagged.

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1849

static VALUE na_inplace_p( VALUE self )
{
    if (TEST_INPLACE(self))
        return Qtrue;
    else
        return Qfalse;
}

#insert(indice, values, axis: nil) ⇒ Object

Insert values along the axis before the indices.

Examples:

a = Numo::DFloat[[1, 2], [3, 4]]
a = Numo::Int32[[1, 1], [2, 2], [3, 3]]

a.insert(1,5)
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[7]
# [1, 5, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3]

a.insert(1, 5, axis:1)
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[3,3]
# [[1, 5, 1],
#  [2, 5, 2],
#  [3, 5, 3]]

a.insert([1], [[11],[12],[13]], axis:1)
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[3,3]
# [[1, 11, 1],
#  [2, 12, 2],
#  [3, 13, 3]]

a.insert(1, [11, 12, 13], axis:1)
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[3,3]
# [[1, 11, 1],
#  [2, 12, 2],
#  [3, 13, 3]]

a.insert([1], [11, 12, 13], axis:1)
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[3,5]
# [[1, 11, 12, 13, 1],
#  [2, 11, 12, 13, 2],
#  [3, 11, 12, 13, 3]]

b = a.flatten
# => Numo::Int32(view)#shape=[6]
# [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3]

b.insert(2,[15,16])
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[8]
# [1, 1, 15, 16, 2, 2, 3, 3]

b.insert([2,2],[15,16])
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[8]
# [1, 1, 15, 16, 2, 2, 3, 3]

b.insert([2,1],[15,16])
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[8]
# [1, 16, 1, 15, 2, 2, 3, 3]

b.insert([2,0,1],[15,16,17])
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[9]
# [16, 1, 17, 1, 15, 2, 2, 3, 3]

b.insert(2..3, [15, 16])
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[8]
# [1, 1, 15, 2, 16, 2, 3, 3]

b.insert(2, [7.13, 0.5])
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[8]
# [1, 1, 7, 0, 2, 2, 3, 3]

x = Numo::DFloat.new(2,4).seq
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[2,4]
# [[0, 1, 2, 3],
#  [4, 5, 6, 7]]

x.insert([1,3],999,axis:1)
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[2,6]
# [[0, 999, 1, 2, 999, 3],
#  [4, 999, 5, 6, 999, 7]]


348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 348

def insert(indice,values,axis:nil)
  if axis
    values = self.class.asarray(values)
    nd = values.ndim
    midx = [:new]*(ndim-nd) + [true]*nd
    case indice
    when Numeric
      midx[-nd-1] = true
      midx[axis] = :new
    end
    values = values[*midx]
  else
    values = self.class.asarray(values).flatten
  end
  idx = Int64.asarray(indice)
  nidx = idx.size
  if nidx == 1
    nidx = values.shape[axis||0]
    idx = idx + Int64.new(nidx).seq
  else
    sidx = idx.sort_index
    idx[sidx] += Int64.new(nidx).seq
  end
  if axis
    bit = Bit.ones(shape[axis]+nidx)
    bit[idx] = 0
    new_shape = shape
    new_shape[axis] += nidx
    a = self.class.zeros(new_shape)
    mdidx = [true]*ndim
    mdidx[axis] = bit.where
    a[*mdidx] = self
    mdidx[axis] = idx
    a[*mdidx] = values
  else
    bit = Bit.ones(size+nidx)
    bit[idx] = 0
    a = self.class.zeros(size+nidx)
    a[bit.where] = self.flatten
    a[idx] = values
  end
  return a
end

#kron(b) ⇒ Numo::NArray

Kronecker product of two arrays.

kron(a,b)[k_0, k_1, ...] = a[i_0, i_1, ...] * b[j_0, j_1, ...]
   where:  k_n = i_n * b.shape[n] + j_n

Examples:

Numo::DFloat[1,10,100].kron([5,6,7])
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[9]
# [5, 6, 7, 50, 60, 70, 500, 600, 700]

Numo::DFloat[5,6,7].kron([1,10,100])
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[9]
# [5, 50, 500, 6, 60, 600, 7, 70, 700]

Numo::DFloat.eye(2).kron(Numo::DFloat.ones(2,2))
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[4,4]
# [[1, 1, 0, 0],
#  [1, 1, 0, 0],
#  [0, 0, 1, 1],
#  [0, 0, 1, 1]]

Parameters:

Returns:



1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 1226

def kron(b)
  b = NArray.cast(b)
  nda = ndim
  ndb = b.ndim
  shpa = shape
  shpb = b.shape
  adim = [:new]*(2*[ndb-nda,0].max) + [true,:new]*nda
  bdim = [:new]*(2*[nda-ndb,0].max) + [:new,true]*ndb
  shpr = (-[nda,ndb].max..-1).map{|i| (shpa[i]||1) * (shpb[i]||1)}
  (self[*adim] * b[*bdim]).reshape(*shpr)
end

#marshal_dumpArray

Dump marshal data.

Returns:

  • (Array)

    Array containing marshal data.



1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1500

static VALUE
nary_marshal_dump(VALUE self)
{
    VALUE a;

    a = rb_ary_new();
    rb_ary_push(a, INT2FIX(1));     // version
    rb_ary_push(a, na_shape(self));
    rb_ary_push(a, INT2FIX(NA_FLAG0(self)));
    if (rb_obj_class(self) == numo_cRObject) {
        narray_t *na;
        VALUE *ptr;
        size_t offset=0;
        GetNArray(self,na);
        if (na->type == NARRAY_VIEW_T) {
            if (na_check_contiguous(self)==Qtrue) {
                offset = NA_VIEW_OFFSET(na);
            } else {
                self = rb_funcall(self,id_dup,0);
            }
        }
        ptr = (VALUE*)na_get_pointer_for_read(self);
        rb_ary_push(a, rb_ary_new4(NA_SIZE(na), ptr+offset));
    } else {
        rb_ary_push(a, nary_to_binary(self));
    }
    RB_GC_GUARD(self);
    return a;
}

#marshal_load(data) ⇒ nil

Load marshal data.

Returns:

  • (nil)


1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1537

static VALUE
nary_marshal_load(VALUE self, VALUE a)
{
    VALUE v;

    if (TYPE(a) != T_ARRAY) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"marshal argument should be array");
    }
    if (RARRAY_LEN(a) != 4) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"marshal array size should be 4");
    }
    if (RARRAY_AREF(a,0) != INT2FIX(1)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"NArray marshal version %d is not supported "
                 "(only version 1)", NUM2INT(RARRAY_AREF(a,0)));
    }
    na_initialize(self,RARRAY_AREF(a,1));
    NA_FL0_SET(self,FIX2INT(RARRAY_AREF(a,2)));
    v = RARRAY_AREF(a,3);
    if (rb_obj_class(self) == numo_cRObject) {
        narray_t *na;
        char *ptr;
        if (TYPE(v) != T_ARRAY) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"RObject content should be array");
        }
        GetNArray(self,na);
        if (RARRAY_LEN(v) != (long)NA_SIZE(na)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"RObject content size mismatch");
        }
        ptr = na_get_pointer_for_write(self);
        memcpy(ptr, RARRAY_PTR(v), NA_SIZE(na)*sizeof(VALUE));
    } else {
        rb_str_freeze(v);
        nary_store_binary(1,&v,self);
        if (TEST_BYTE_SWAPPED(self)) {
            rb_funcall(na_inplace(self),id_to_host,0);
            REVERSE_ENDIAN(self); // correct behavior??
        }
    }
    RB_GC_GUARD(a);
    return self;
}

#ndimObject Also known as: rank

method: size() – returns the total number of typeents



799
800
801
802
803
804
805
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 799

static VALUE
na_ndim(VALUE self)
{
    narray_t *na;
    GetNArray(self,na);
    return INT2NUM(na->ndim);
}

#new_fill(value) ⇒ Object

Return an array filled with value with the same shape and type as self.



20
21
22
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 20

def new_fill(value)
  self.class.new(*shape).fill(value)
end

#new_narrayObject

Return an unallocated array with the same shape and type as self.



5
6
7
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 5

def new_narray
  self.class.new(*shape)
end

#new_onesObject

Return an array of ones with the same shape and type as self.



15
16
17
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 15

def new_ones
  self.class.ones(*shape)
end

#new_zerosObject

Return an array of zeros with the same shape and type as self.



10
11
12
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 10

def new_zeros
  self.class.zeros(*shape)
end

#out_of_place!Numo::NArray Also known as: not_inplace!

Unset inplace flag to self.

Returns:



1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1861

static VALUE na_out_of_place_bang( VALUE self )
{
    UNSET_INPLACE(self);
    return self;
}

#outer(b, axis: nil) ⇒ Numo::NArray

Outer product of two arrays. Same as ‘self * b`.

Examples:

a = Numo::DFloat.ones(5)
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[5]
# [1, 1, 1, 1, 1]

b = Numo::DFloat.linspace(-2,2,5)
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[5]
# [-2, -1, 0, 1, 2]

a.outer(b)
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[5,5]
# [[-2, -1, 0, 1, 2],
#  [-2, -1, 0, 1, 2],
#  [-2, -1, 0, 1, 2],
#  [-2, -1, 0, 1, 2],
#  [-2, -1, 0, 1, 2]]

Parameters:

  • b (Numo::NArray)
  • axis (Integer) (defaults to: nil)

    applied axis (default=-1)

Returns:



1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 1156

def outer(b, axis:nil)
  b = NArray.cast(b)
  if axis.nil?
    self[false,:new] * ((b.ndim==0) ? b : b[false,:new,true])
  else
    md,nd = [ndim,b.ndim].minmax
    axis = check_axis(axis) - nd
    if axis < -md
      raise ArgumentError,"axis=#{axis} is out of range"
    end
    adim = [true]*ndim
    adim[axis+ndim+1,0] = :new
    bdim = [true]*b.ndim
    bdim[axis+b.ndim,0] = :new
    self[*adim] * b[*bdim]
  end
end

#percentile(q, axis: nil) ⇒ Numo::NArray

Percentile

Parameters:

  • q (Numo::NArray)
  • axis (Integer) (defaults to: nil)

    applied axis

Returns:

Raises:

  • (ArgumentError)


1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 1179

def percentile(q, axis: nil)
  raise ArgumentError, "q is out of range" if q < 0 || q > 100

  x = self
  unless axis
    axis = 0
    x = x.flatten
  end

  sorted = x.sort(axis: axis)
  x = q / 100.0 * (sorted.shape[axis] - 1)
  r = x % 1
  i = x.floor
  refs = [true] * sorted.ndim
  refs[axis] = i
  if i == sorted.shape[axis] - 1
    sorted[*refs]
  else
    refs_upper = refs.dup
    refs_upper[axis] = i + 1
    sorted[*refs] + r * (sorted[*refs_upper] - sorted[*refs])
  end
end

#rad2degObject

Convert angles from radians to degrees.



25
26
27
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 25

def rad2deg
  self * (180/Math::PI)
end

#repeat(arg, axis: nil) ⇒ Object

Examples:

Numo::NArray[3].repeat(4)
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[4]
# [3, 3, 3, 3]

x = Numo::NArray[[1,2],[3,4]]
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[2,2]
# [[1, 2],
#  [3, 4]]

x.repeat(2)
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[8]
# [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4]

x.repeat(3,axis:1)
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[2,6]
# [[1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2],
#  [3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4]]

x.repeat([1,2],axis:0)
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[3,2]
# [[1, 2],
#  [3, 4],
#  [3, 4]]


877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 877

def repeat(arg,axis:nil)
  case axis
  when Integer
    axis = check_axis(axis)
    c = self
  when NilClass
    c = self.flatten
    axis = 0
  else
    raise ArgumentError,"invalid axis"
  end
  case arg
  when Integer
    if !arg.kind_of?(Integer) || arg<1
      raise ArgumentError,"argument should be positive integer"
    end
    idx = c.shape[axis].times.map{|i| [i]*arg}.flatten
  else
    arg = arg.to_a
    if arg.size != c.shape[axis]
      raise ArgumentError,"repeat size shoud be equal to size along axis"
    end
    arg.each do |i|
      if !i.kind_of?(Integer) || i<0
        raise ArgumentError,"argument should be non-negative integer"
      end
    end
    idx = arg.each_with_index.map{|a,i| [i]*a}.flatten
  end
  ref = [true] * c.ndim
  ref[axis] = idx
  c[*ref].copy
end

#reshape(size0, size1, ...) ⇒ Numo::NArray

Copy and change the shape of NArray. Returns a copied NArray.

Parameters:

  • sizeN (Integer)

    new shape

Returns:



436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
# File 'ext/numo/narray/data.c', line 436

static VALUE
na_reshape(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    size_t *shape;
    narray_t *na;
    VALUE    copy;

    shape = ALLOCA_N(size_t, argc);
    na_check_reshape(argc, argv, self, shape);

    copy = rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("dup"), 0);
    GetNArray(copy, na);
    na_setup_shape(na, argc, shape);
    return copy;
}

#reshape!(size0, size1, ...) ⇒ Numo::NArray

Change the shape of self NArray without coping. Raise exception if self is non-contiguous.

Parameters:

  • sizeN (Integer)

    new shape

Returns:



389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
# File 'ext/numo/narray/data.c', line 389

static VALUE
na_reshape_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    size_t *shape;
    narray_t *na;
    narray_view_t *na2;
    ssize_t stride;
    stridx_t *stridx;
    int i;

    if (na_check_contiguous(self)==Qfalse) {
        rb_raise(rb_eStandardError, "cannot change shape of non-contiguous NArray");
    }
    shape = ALLOCA_N(size_t, argc);
    na_check_reshape(argc, argv, self, shape);

    GetNArray(self, na);
    if (na->type == NARRAY_VIEW_T) {
        GetNArrayView(self, na2);
        if (na->ndim < argc) {
            stridx = ALLOC_N(stridx_t,argc);
        } else {
            stridx = na2->stridx;
        }
        stride = SDX_GET_STRIDE(na2->stridx[na->ndim-1]);
        for (i=argc; i--;) {
            SDX_SET_STRIDE(stridx[i],stride);
            stride *= shape[i];
        }
        if (stridx != na2->stridx) {
            xfree(na2->stridx);
            na2->stridx = stridx;
        }
    }
    na_setup_shape(na, argc, shape);
    return self;
}

#reverse([dim0,dim1,..]) ⇒ Object

Return reversed view along specified dimeinsion



1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1185

static VALUE
nary_reverse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    int i, nd;
    size_t  j, n;
    size_t  offset;
    size_t *idx1, *idx2;
    ssize_t stride;
    ssize_t sign;
    narray_t *na;
    narray_view_t *na1, *na2;
    VALUE view;
    VALUE reduce;

    reduce = na_reduce_dimension(argc, argv, 1, &self, 0, 0);

    GetNArray(self,na);
    nd = na->ndim;

    view = na_s_allocate_view(rb_obj_class(self));

    na_copy_flags(self, view);
    GetNArrayView(view, na2);

    na_setup_shape((narray_t*)na2, nd, na->shape);
    na2->stridx = ALLOC_N(stridx_t,nd);

    switch(na->type) {
    case NARRAY_DATA_T:
    case NARRAY_FILEMAP_T:
        stride = nary_element_stride(self);
        offset = 0;
        for (i=nd; i--;) {
            if (na_test_reduce(reduce,i)) {
                offset += (na->shape[i]-1)*stride;
                sign = -1;
            } else {
                sign = 1;
            }
            SDX_SET_STRIDE(na2->stridx[i],stride*sign);
            stride *= na->shape[i];
        }
        na2->offset = offset;
        na2->data = self;
        break;
    case NARRAY_VIEW_T:
        GetNArrayView(self, na1);
        offset = na1->offset;
        for (i=0; i<nd; i++) {
            n = na1->base.shape[i];
            if (SDX_IS_INDEX(na1->stridx[i])) {
                idx1 = SDX_GET_INDEX(na1->stridx[i]);
                idx2 = ALLOC_N(size_t,n);
                if (na_test_reduce(reduce,i)) {
                    for (j=0; j<n; j++) {
                        idx2[n-1-j] = idx1[j];
                    }
                } else {
                    for (j=0; j<n; j++) {
                        idx2[j] = idx1[j];
                    }
                }
                SDX_SET_INDEX(na2->stridx[i],idx2);
            } else {
                stride = SDX_GET_STRIDE(na1->stridx[i]);
                if (na_test_reduce(reduce,i)) {
                    offset += (n-1)*stride;
                    SDX_SET_STRIDE(na2->stridx[i],-stride);
                } else {
                    na2->stridx[i] = na1->stridx[i];
                }
            }
        }
        na2->offset = offset;
        na2->data = na1->data;
        break;
    }

    return view;
}

#rot90(k = 1, axes = [0,1]) ⇒ Object

Rotate in the plane specified by axes.

Examples:

a = Numo::Int32.new(2,2).seq
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[2,2]
# [[0, 1],
#  [2, 3]]

a.rot90
# => Numo::Int32(view)#shape=[2,2]
# [[1, 3],
#  [0, 2]]

a.rot90(2)
# => Numo::Int32(view)#shape=[2,2]
# [[3, 2],
#  [1, 0]]

a.rot90(3)
# => Numo::Int32(view)#shape=[2,2]
# [[2, 0],
#  [3, 1]]


67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 67

def rot90(k=1,axes=[0,1])
  case k % 4
  when 0
    view
  when 1
    swapaxes(*axes).reverse(axes[0])
  when 2
    reverse(*axes)
  when 3
    swapaxes(*axes).reverse(axes[1])
  end
end

#row_major?Boolean

Return true if row major.

Returns:

  • (Boolean)


1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1794

static VALUE na_row_major_p( VALUE self )
{
    if (TEST_ROW_MAJOR(self))
	return Qtrue;
    else
	return Qfalse;
}

#shapeObject

method: shape() – returns shape, array of the size of dimensions



857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 857

static VALUE
 na_shape(VALUE self)
{
    volatile VALUE v;
    narray_t *na;
    size_t i, n, c, s;

    GetNArray(self,na);
    n = NA_NDIM(na);
    if (TEST_COLUMN_MAJOR(self)) {
        c = n-1;
        s = -1;
    } else {
        c = 0;
        s = 1;
    }
    v = rb_ary_new2(n);
    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
        rb_ary_push(v, SIZET2NUM(na->shape[c]));
        c += s;
    }
    return v;
}

#sizeObject Also known as: length, total

method: size() – returns the total number of typeents



789
790
791
792
793
794
795
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 789

static VALUE
na_size(VALUE self)
{
    narray_t *na;
    GetNArray(self,na);
    return SIZET2NUM(na->size);
}

#split(indices_or_sections, axis: 0) ⇒ Object

Examples:

x = Numo::DFloat.new(9).seq
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[9]
# [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]

x.split(3)
# => [Numo::DFloat(view)#shape=[3]
# [0, 1, 2],
#  Numo::DFloat(view)#shape=[3]
# [3, 4, 5],
#  Numo::DFloat(view)#shape=[3]
# [6, 7, 8]]

x = Numo::DFloat.new(8).seq
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[8]
# [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

x.split([3, 5, 6, 10])
# => [Numo::DFloat(view)#shape=[3]
# [0, 1, 2],
#  Numo::DFloat(view)#shape=[2]
# [3, 4],
#  Numo::DFloat(view)#shape=[1]
# [5],
#  Numo::DFloat(view)#shape=[2]
# [6, 7],
#  Numo::DFloat(view)#shape=[0][]]


688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 688

def split(indices_or_sections, axis:0)
  axis = check_axis(axis)
  size_axis = shape[axis]
  case indices_or_sections
  when Integer
    div_axis, mod_axis = size_axis.divmod(indices_or_sections)
    refs = [true]*ndim
    beg_idx = 0
    mod_axis.times.map do |i|
      end_idx = beg_idx + div_axis + 1
      refs[axis] = beg_idx ... end_idx
      beg_idx = end_idx
      self[*refs]
    end +
    (indices_or_sections-mod_axis).times.map do |i|
      end_idx = beg_idx + div_axis
      refs[axis] = beg_idx ... end_idx
      beg_idx = end_idx
      self[*refs]
    end
  when NArray
    split(indices_or_sections.to_a,axis:axis)
  when Array
    refs = [true]*ndim
    fst = 0
    (indices_or_sections + [size_axis]).map do |lst|
      lst = size_axis if lst > size_axis
      refs[axis] = (fst < size_axis) ? fst...lst : -1...-1
      fst = lst
      self[*refs]
    end
  else
    raise TypeError,"argument must be Integer or Array"
  end
end

#store_binary(string, [offset]) ⇒ Integer

Returns a new 1-D array initialized from binary raw data in a string.

Parameters:

  • string (String)

    Binary raw data.

  • (optional) (Integer)

    offset Byte offset in string.

Returns:

  • (Integer)

    stored length.



1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1423

static VALUE
nary_store_binary(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    size_t size, str_len, byte_size, offset;
    int   narg;
    VALUE vstr, voffset;
    VALUE velmsz;
    narray_t *na;

    narg = rb_scan_args(argc,argv,"11",&vstr,&voffset);
    str_len = RSTRING_LEN(vstr);
    if (narg==2) {
        offset = NUM2SIZET(voffset);
        if (str_len < offset) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "offset is larger than string length");
        }
        str_len -= offset;
    } else {
        offset = 0;
    }

    GetNArray(self,na);
    size = NA_SIZE(na);
    velmsz = rb_const_get(rb_obj_class(self), id_element_byte_size);
    if (FIXNUM_P(velmsz)) {
        byte_size = size * NUM2SIZET(velmsz);
    } else {
        byte_size = ceil(size * NUM2DBL(velmsz));
    }
    if (byte_size > str_len) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "string is too short to store");
    }

    if (OBJ_FROZEN(vstr)) {
        na_set_pointer(self, RSTRING_PTR(vstr)+offset, byte_size);
        rb_ivar_set(self, id_source, vstr);
    } else {
        void *ptr = na_get_pointer_for_write(self);
        memcpy(ptr, RSTRING_PTR(vstr)+offset, byte_size);
    }

    return SIZET2NUM(byte_size);
}

#swap_byteObject Also known as: hton



108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
# File 'ext/numo/narray/data.c', line 108

static VALUE
nary_swap_byte(VALUE self)
{
    VALUE v;
    ndfunc_arg_in_t ain[1] = {{Qnil,0}};
    ndfunc_arg_out_t aout[1] = {{INT2FIX(0),0}};
    ndfunc_t ndf = { iter_swap_byte, FULL_LOOP|NDF_ACCEPT_BYTESWAP,
                     1, 1, ain, aout };

    v = na_ndloop(&ndf, 1, self);
    if (self!=v) {
        na_copy_flags(self, v);
    }
    REVERSE_ENDIAN(v);
    return v;
}

#swapaxes(axis1, axis2) ⇒ Numo::NArray

Interchange two axes.

Examples:

x = Numo::Int32[[1,2,3]]

x.swapaxes(0,1)
# => Numo::Int32(view)#shape=[3,1]
# [[1],
#  [2],
#  [3]]

x = Numo::Int32[[[0,1],[2,3]],[[4,5],[6,7]]]
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[2,2,2]
# [[[0, 1],
#   [2, 3]],
#  [[4, 5],
#   [6, 7]]]

x.swapaxes(0,2)
# => Numo::Int32(view)#shape=[2,2,2]
# [[[0, 4],
#   [2, 6]],
#  [[1, 5],
#   [3, 7]]]

Parameters:

  • axis1 (Integer)
  • axis2 (Integer)

Returns:



207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
# File 'ext/numo/narray/data.c', line 207

static VALUE
na_swapaxes(VALUE self, VALUE a1, VALUE a2)
{
    int  i, j, ndim;
    size_t tmp_shape;
    stridx_t tmp_stridx;
    narray_view_t *na;
    volatile VALUE view;

    view = na_make_view(self);
    GetNArrayView(view,na);

    ndim = na->base.ndim;
    i = check_axis(NUM2INT(a1), ndim);
    j = check_axis(NUM2INT(a2), ndim);

    tmp_shape = na->base.shape[i];
    tmp_stridx = na->stridx[i];
    na->base.shape[i] = na->base.shape[j];
    na->stridx[i] = na->stridx[j];
    na->base.shape[j] = tmp_shape;
    na->stridx[j] = tmp_stridx;

    return view;
}

#tile(*arg) ⇒ Object

Examples:

a = Numo::NArray[0,1,2]
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[3]
# [0, 1, 2]

a.tile(2)
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[6]
# [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]

a.tile(2,2)
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[2,6]
# [[0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2],
#  [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]]

a.tile(2,1,2)
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[2,1,6]
# [[[0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]],
#  [[0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]]]

b = Numo::NArray[[1, 2], [3, 4]]
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[2,2]
# [[1, 2],
#  [3, 4]]

b.tile(2)
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[2,4]
# [[1, 2, 1, 2],
#  [3, 4, 3, 4]]

b.tile(2,1)
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[4,2]
# [[1, 2],
#  [3, 4],
#  [1, 2],
#  [3, 4]]

c = Numo::NArray[1,2,3,4]
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[4]
# [1, 2, 3, 4]

c.tile(4,1)
# => Numo::Int32#shape=[4,4]
# [[1, 2, 3, 4],
#  [1, 2, 3, 4],
#  [1, 2, 3, 4],
#  [1, 2, 3, 4]]


816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 816

def tile(*arg)
  arg.each do |i|
    if !i.kind_of?(Integer) || i<1
      raise ArgumentError,"argument should be positive integer"
    end
  end
  ns = arg.size
  nd = self.ndim
  shp = self.shape
  new_shp = []
  src_shp = []
  res_shp = []
  (nd-ns).times do
    new_shp << 1
    new_shp << (n = shp.shift)
    src_shp << :new
    src_shp << true
    res_shp << n
  end
  (ns-nd).times do
    new_shp << (m = arg.shift)
    new_shp << 1
    src_shp << :new
    src_shp << :new
    res_shp << m
  end
  [nd,ns].min.times do
    new_shp << (m = arg.shift)
    new_shp << (n = shp.shift)
    src_shp << :new
    src_shp << true
    res_shp << n*m
  end
  self.class.new(*new_shp).store(self[*src_shp]).reshape(*res_shp)
end

#to_binaryString Also known as: to_string

Returns string containing the raw data bytes in NArray.

Returns:

  • (String)

    String object containing binary raw data.



1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1472

static VALUE
nary_to_binary(VALUE self)
{
    size_t len, offset=0;
    char *ptr;
    VALUE str;
    narray_t *na;

    GetNArray(self,na);
    if (na->type == NARRAY_VIEW_T) {
        if (na_check_contiguous(self)==Qtrue) {
            offset = NA_VIEW_OFFSET(na);
        } else {
            self = rb_funcall(self,id_dup,0);
        }
    }
    len = NUM2SIZET(nary_byte_size(self));
    ptr = na_get_pointer_for_read(self);
    str = rb_usascii_str_new(ptr+offset,len);
    RB_GC_GUARD(self);
    return str;
}

#to_cObject



98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 98

def to_c
  if size==1
    Complex(self[0])
  else
    # convert to DComplex?
    raise TypeError, "can't convert #{self.class} into Complex"
  end
end

#to_fObject



89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 89

def to_f
  if size==1
    self[0].to_f
  else
    # convert to DFloat?
    raise TypeError, "can't convert #{self.class} into Float"
  end
end

#to_hostObject



144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
# File 'ext/numo/narray/data.c', line 144

static VALUE
nary_to_host(VALUE self)
{
    if (TEST_HOST_ORDER(self)) {
        return self;
    }
    return rb_funcall(self, id_swap_byte, 0);
}

#to_iObject



80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 80

def to_i
  if size==1
    self[0].to_i
  else
    # convert to Int?
    raise TypeError, "can't convert #{self.class} into Integer"
  end
end

#to_networkObject



126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
# File 'ext/numo/narray/data.c', line 126

static VALUE
nary_to_network(VALUE self)
{
    if (TEST_BIG_ENDIAN(self)) {
        return self;
    }
    return rb_funcall(self, id_swap_byte, 0);
}

#to_swappedObject



153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
# File 'ext/numo/narray/data.c', line 153

static VALUE
nary_to_swapped(VALUE self)
{
    if (TEST_BYTE_SWAPPED(self)) {
        return self;
    }
    return rb_funcall(self, id_swap_byte, 0);
}

#to_vacsObject



135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
# File 'ext/numo/narray/data.c', line 135

static VALUE
nary_to_vacs(VALUE self)
{
    if (TEST_LITTLE_ENDIAN(self)) {
        return self;
    }
    return rb_funcall(self, id_swap_byte, 0);
}

#trace(offset = nil, axis = nil, nan: false) ⇒ Object

Return the sum along diagonals of the array.

If 2-D array, computes the summation along its diagonal with the given offset, i.e., sum of ‘a`. If more than 2-D array, the diagonal is determined from the axes specified by axis argument. The default is axis=.

Parameters:

  • offset (Integer) (defaults to: nil)

    (optional, default=0) diagonal offset

  • axis (Array) (defaults to: nil)

    (optional, default=) diagonal axis

  • nan (Bool) (defaults to: false)

    (optional, default=false) nan-aware algorithm, i.e., if true then it ignores nan.



1079
1080
1081
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 1079

def trace(offset=nil,axis=nil,nan:false)
  diagonal(offset,axis).sum(nan:nan,axis:-1)
end

#transpose(*args) ⇒ Object



263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
# File 'ext/numo/narray/data.c', line 263

static VALUE
na_transpose(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    int ndim, *map, *permute;
    int i, d;
    bool is_positive, is_negative;
    narray_t *na1;

    GetNArray(self,na1);
    ndim = na1->ndim;
    if (ndim < 2) {
        if (argc > 0) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unnecessary argument for 1-d array");
        }
        return na_make_view(self);
    }
    map = ALLOCA_N(int,ndim);
    if (argc == 0) {
        for (i=0; i < ndim; i++) {
            map[i] = ndim-1-i;
        }
        return na_transpose_map(self,map);
    }
    // with argument
    if (argc > ndim) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "more arguments than ndim");
    }
    for (i=0; i < ndim; i++) {
        map[i] = i;
    }
    permute = ALLOCA_N(int,argc);
    for (i=0; i < argc; i++) {
        permute[i] = 0;
    }
    is_positive = is_negative = 0;
    for (i=0; i < argc; i++) {
	if (TYPE(argv[i]) != T_FIXNUM) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid argument");
        }
        d = FIX2INT(argv[i]);
        if (d >= 0) {
            if (d >= argc) {
                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "out of dimension range");
            }
            if (is_negative) {
                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "dimension must be non-negative only or negative only");
            }
            if (permute[d]) {
                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "not permutation");
            }
            map[i] = d;
            permute[d] = 1;
            is_positive = 1;
        } else {
            if (d < -argc) {
                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "out of dimension range");
            }
            if (is_positive) {
                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "dimension must be non-negative only or negative only");
            }
            if (permute[argc+d]) {
                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "not permutation");
            }
            map[ndim-argc+i] = ndim+d;
            permute[argc+d] = 1;
            is_negative = 1;
        }
    }
    return na_transpose_map(self,map);
}

#tril(k = 0) ⇒ Object

Lower triangular matrix. Return a copy with the elements above the k-th diagonal filled with zero.



1007
1008
1009
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 1007

def tril(k=0)
  dup.tril!(k)
end

#tril!(k = 0) ⇒ Object

Lower triangular matrix. Fill the self elements above the k-th diagonal with zero.



1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 1013

def tril!(k=0)
  if ndim < 2
    raise NArray::ShapeError, "must be >= 2-dimensional array"
  end
  if contiguous?
    idx = triu_indices(k+1)
    *shp,m,n = shape
    reshape!(*shp,m*n)
    self[false,idx] = 0
    reshape!(*shp,m,n)
  else
    store(tril(k))
  end
end

#tril_indices(k = 0) ⇒ Object

Return the indices for the lower-triangle on and below the k-th diagonal.



1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 1029

def tril_indices(k=0)
  if ndim < 2
    raise NArray::ShapeError, "must be >= 2-dimensional array"
  end
  m,n = shape[-2..-1]
  NArray.tril_indices(m,n,k)
end

#triu(k = 0) ⇒ Object

Upper triangular matrix. Return a copy with the elements below the k-th diagonal filled with zero.



968
969
970
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 968

def triu(k=0)
  dup.triu!(k)
end

#triu!(k = 0) ⇒ Object

Upper triangular matrix. Fill the self elements below the k-th diagonal with zero.



974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 974

def triu!(k=0)
  if ndim < 2
    raise NArray::ShapeError, "must be >= 2-dimensional array"
  end
  if contiguous?
    *shp,m,n = shape
    idx = tril_indices(k-1)
    reshape!(*shp,m*n)
    self[false,idx] = 0
    reshape!(*shp,m,n)
  else
    store(triu(k))
  end
end

#triu_indices(k = 0) ⇒ Object

Return the indices for the uppler-triangle on and above the k-th diagonal.



990
991
992
993
994
995
996
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 990

def triu_indices(k=0)
  if ndim < 2
    raise NArray::ShapeError, "must be >= 2-dimensional array"
  end
  m,n = shape[-2..-1]
  NArray.triu_indices(m,n,k)
end

#viewObject

Return view of NArray



1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
# File 'ext/numo/narray/narray.c', line 1059

VALUE
na_make_view(VALUE self)
{
    int i, nd;
    size_t  j;
    size_t *idx1, *idx2;
    ssize_t stride;
    narray_t *na;
    narray_view_t *na1, *na2;
    volatile VALUE view;

    GetNArray(self,na);
    nd = na->ndim;

    view = na_s_allocate_view(rb_obj_class(self));

    na_copy_flags(self, view);
    GetNArrayView(view, na2);

    na_setup_shape((narray_t*)na2, nd, na->shape);
    na2->stridx = ALLOC_N(stridx_t,nd);

    switch(na->type) {
    case NARRAY_DATA_T:
    case NARRAY_FILEMAP_T:
        stride = nary_element_stride(self);
        for (i=nd; i--;) {
            SDX_SET_STRIDE(na2->stridx[i],stride);
            stride *= na->shape[i];
        }
        na2->offset = 0;
        na2->data = self;
        break;
    case NARRAY_VIEW_T:
        GetNArrayView(self, na1);
        for (i=0; i<nd; i++) {
            if (SDX_IS_INDEX(na1->stridx[i])) {
                idx1 = SDX_GET_INDEX(na1->stridx[i]);
                idx2 = ALLOC_N(size_t,na1->base.shape[i]);
                for (j=0; j<na1->base.shape[i]; j++) {
                    idx2[j] = idx1[j];
                }
                SDX_SET_INDEX(na2->stridx[i],idx2);
            } else {
                na2->stridx[i] = na1->stridx[i];
            }
        }
        na2->offset = na1->offset;
        na2->data = na1->data;
        break;
    }

    return view;
}

#vsplit(indices_or_sections) ⇒ Object

Examples:

x = Numo::DFloat.new(4,4).seq
# => Numo::DFloat#shape=[4,4]
# [[0, 1, 2, 3],
#  [4, 5, 6, 7],
#  [8, 9, 10, 11],
#  [12, 13, 14, 15]]

x.hsplit(2)
# => [Numo::DFloat(view)#shape=[4,2]
# [[0, 1],
#  [4, 5],
#  [8, 9],
#  [12, 13]],
#  Numo::DFloat(view)#shape=[4,2]
# [[2, 3],
#  [6, 7],
#  [10, 11],
#  [14, 15]]]

x.hsplit([3, 6])
# => [Numo::DFloat(view)#shape=[4,3]
# [[0, 1, 2],
#  [4, 5, 6],
#  [8, 9, 10],
#  [12, 13, 14]],
#  Numo::DFloat(view)#shape=[4,1]
# [[3],
#  [7],
#  [11],
#  [15]],
#  Numo::DFloat(view)#shape=[4,0][]]


757
758
759
# File 'lib/numo/narray/extra.rb', line 757

def vsplit(indices_or_sections)
  split(indices_or_sections, axis:0)
end