Class: RightAws::S3Interface

Inherits:
RightAwsBase show all
Includes:
RightAwsBaseInterface
Defined in:
lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb

Defined Under Namespace

Classes: S3AclParser, S3BucketLocationParser, S3CopyParser, S3HttpResponseBodyParser, S3HttpResponseHeadParser, S3HttpResponseParser, S3ImprovedListBucketParser, S3ListAllMyBucketsParser, S3ListBucketParser, S3LoggingParser

Constant Summary collapse

USE_100_CONTINUE_PUT_SIZE = 
1_000_000
DEFAULT_HOST = 
's3.amazonaws.com'
DEFAULT_PORT = 
443
DEFAULT_PROTOCOL = 
'https'
DEFAULT_SERVICE = 
'/'
REQUEST_TTL = 
30
DEFAULT_EXPIRES_AFTER =

One day’s worth of seconds

1 * 24 * 60 * 60
ONE_YEAR_IN_SECONDS = 
365 * 24 * 60 * 60
AMAZON_HEADER_PREFIX = 
'x-amz-'
AMAZON_METADATA_PREFIX = 
'x-amz-meta-'
@@bench = 
AwsBenchmarkingBlock.new
@@params =

Params supported:

:no_subdomains => true # do not use bucket as a part of domain name but as a part of path

{}

Constants included from RightAwsBaseInterface

RightAwsBaseInterface::BLOCK_DEVICE_KEY_MAPPING, RightAwsBaseInterface::DEFAULT_SIGNATURE_VERSION

Constants inherited from RightAwsBase

RightAwsBase::AMAZON_PROBLEMS, RightAwsBase::RAISE_ON_TIMEOUT_ON_ACTIONS

Instance Attribute Summary

Attributes included from RightAwsBaseInterface

#aws_access_key_id, #aws_secret_access_key, #cache, #connection, #last_errors, #last_request, #last_request_id, #last_response, #logger, #params, #signature_version

Class Method Summary collapse

Instance Method Summary collapse

Methods included from RightAwsBaseInterface

#amazonize_block_device_mappings, #amazonize_list, #cache_hits?, caching, caching=, #caching?, #destroy_connection, #generate_request_impl, #get_connection, #get_connections_storage, #get_server_url, #incrementally_list_items, #init, #on_exception, #request_cache_or_info, #request_info_impl, #signed_service_params, #update_cache, #with_connection_options

Methods inherited from RightAwsBase

amazon_problems, amazon_problems=, raise_on_timeout_on_actions, raise_on_timeout_on_actions=

Constructor Details

#initialize(aws_access_key_id = nil, aws_secret_access_key = nil, params = {}) ⇒ S3Interface

Creates new RightS3 instance.

s3 = RightAws::S3Interface.new('1E3GDYEOGFJPIT7XXXXXX','hgTHt68JY07JKUY08ftHYtERkjgtfERn57XXXXXX', {:logger => Logger.new('/tmp/x.log')}) #=> #<RightAws::S3Interface:0xb7b3c27c>

Params is a hash:

{:server       => 's3.amazonaws.com'   # Amazon service host: 's3.amazonaws.com'(default)
 :port         => 443                  # Amazon service port: 80 or 443(default)
 :protocol     => 'https'              # Amazon service protocol: 'http' or 'https'(default)
 :logger       => Logger Object}       # Logger instance: logs to STDOUT if omitted }



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 75

def initialize(aws_access_key_id=nil, aws_secret_access_key=nil, params={})
  init({ :name             => 'S3', 
         :default_host     => ENV['S3_URL'] ? URI.parse(ENV['S3_URL']).host   : DEFAULT_HOST, 
         :default_port     => ENV['S3_URL'] ? URI.parse(ENV['S3_URL']).port   : DEFAULT_PORT,
         :default_service  => ENV['S3_URL'] ? URI.parse(ENV['S3_URL']).path   : DEFAULT_SERVICE,
         :default_protocol => ENV['S3_URL'] ? URI.parse(ENV['S3_URL']).scheme : DEFAULT_PROTOCOL }, 
       aws_access_key_id     || ENV['AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID'], 
       aws_secret_access_key || ENV['AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY'], 
       params)
end

Class Method Details

.bench_s3 ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 46

def self.bench_s3
  @@bench.service
end

.bench_xml ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 43

def self.bench_xml
  @@bench.xml
end

.params ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 53

def self.params
  @@params
end

Instance Method Details

#bucket_location(bucket, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Retrieve bucket location

s3.create_bucket('my-awesome-bucket-us')        #=> true
puts s3.bucket_location('my-awesome-bucket-us') #=> '' (Amazon's default value assumed)

s3.create_bucket('my-awesome-bucket-eu', :location => :eu) #=> true
puts s3.bucket_location('my-awesome-bucket-eu')            #=> 'EU'



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 234

def bucket_location(bucket, headers={})
  req_hash = generate_rest_request('GET', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}?location"))
  request_info(req_hash, S3BucketLocationParser.new)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#canonical_string(method, path, headers = {}, expires = nil) ⇒ Object

Produces canonical string for signing.



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 91

def canonical_string(method, path, headers={}, expires=nil) # :nodoc:
  s3_headers = {}
  headers.each do |key, value|
    key = key.downcase
    value = case
            when value.is_a?(Array) then value.join('')
            else                         value.to_s
            end
    s3_headers[key] = value.strip if key[/^#{AMAZON_HEADER_PREFIX}|^content-md5$|^content-type$|^date$/o]
  end
  s3_headers['content-type'] ||= ''
  s3_headers['content-md5']  ||= ''
  s3_headers['date']           = ''      if s3_headers.has_key? 'x-amz-date'
  s3_headers['date']           = expires if expires
    # prepare output string
  out_string = "#{method}\n"
  s3_headers.sort { |a, b| a[0] <=> b[0] }.each do |key, value|
    out_string << (key[/^#{AMAZON_HEADER_PREFIX}/o] ? "#{key}:#{value}\n" : "#{value}\n")
  end
    # ignore everything after the question mark...
  out_string << path.gsub(/\?.*$/, '')
   # ...unless there is an acl or torrent parameter
  out_string << '?acl'      if path[/[&?]acl($|&|=)/]
  out_string << '?torrent'  if path[/[&?]torrent($|&|=)/]
  out_string << '?location' if path[/[&?]location($|&|=)/]
  out_string << '?logging'  if path[/[&?]logging($|&|=)/]  # this one is beta, no support for now
  out_string
end

#clear_bucket(bucket) ⇒ Object

Removes all keys from bucket. Returns true or an exception.

s3.clear_bucket('my_awesome_bucket') #=> true



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 783

def clear_bucket(bucket)
  incrementally_list_bucket(bucket) do |results|
    results[:contents].each { |key| delete(bucket, key[:key]) }
  end
  true
rescue
  on_exception
end

#copy(src_bucket, src_key, dest_bucket, dest_key = nil, directive = :copy, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Copy an object. 

directive: :copy    - copy meta-headers from source (default value)
           :replace - replace meta-headers by passed ones

# copy a key with meta-headers
s3.copy('b1', 'key1', 'b1', 'key1_copy') #=> {:e_tag=>"\"e8b...8d\"", :last_modified=>"2008-05-11T10:25:22.000Z"}

# copy a key, overwrite meta-headers
s3.copy('b1', 'key2', 'b1', 'key2_copy', :replace, 'x-amz-meta-family'=>'Woho555!') #=> {:e_tag=>"\"e8b...8d\"", :last_modified=>"2008-05-11T10:26:22.000Z"}

see: docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonS3/2006-03-01/UsingCopyingObjects.html

http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonS3/2006-03-01/RESTObjectCOPY.html



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 651

def copy(src_bucket, src_key, dest_bucket, dest_key=nil, directive=:copy, headers={})
  dest_key ||= src_key
  headers['x-amz-metadata-directive'] = directive.to_s.upcase
  headers['x-amz-copy-source']        = "#{src_bucket}/#{CGI::escape src_key}"
  req_hash = generate_rest_request('PUT', headers.merge(:url=>"#{dest_bucket}/#{CGI::escape dest_key}"))
  request_info(req_hash, S3CopyParser.new)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#create_bucket(bucket, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Creates new bucket. Returns true or an exception.

# create a bucket at American server
s3.create_bucket('my-awesome-bucket-us') #=> true
# create a bucket at European server
s3.create_bucket('my-awesome-bucket-eu', :location => :eu) #=> true



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 208

def create_bucket(bucket, headers={})
  data = nil
  location = case headers[:location].to_s
             when 'us','US' then ''
             when 'eu'      then 'EU'
             else                headers[:location].to_s
             end
  
  unless location.right_blank?
    data = "<CreateBucketConfiguration><LocationConstraint>#{location}</LocationConstraint></CreateBucketConfiguration>"
  end
  req_hash = generate_rest_request('PUT', headers.merge(:url=>bucket, :data => data))
  request_info(req_hash, RightHttp2xxParser.new)
rescue Exception => e
    # if the bucket exists AWS returns an error for the location constraint interface. Drop it
  e.is_a?(RightAws::AwsError) && e.message.include?('BucketAlreadyOwnedByYou') ? true  : on_exception
end

#create_bucket_link(bucket, expires = nil, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Generates link for ‘CreateBucket’.

s3.create_bucket_link('my_awesome_bucket') #=> url string



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 870

def create_bucket_link(bucket, expires=nil, headers={})
  generate_link('PUT', headers.merge(:url=>bucket), expires)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#delete(bucket, key = '', headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Deletes key. Returns true or an exception.

s3.delete('my_awesome_bucket', 'log/curent/1.log') #=> true



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 631

def delete(bucket, key='', headers={})
  req_hash = generate_rest_request('DELETE', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}/#{CGI::escape key}"))
  request_info(req_hash, RightHttp2xxParser.new)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#delete_bucket(bucket, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Deletes new bucket. Bucket must be empty! Returns true or an exception.

s3.delete_bucket('my_awesome_bucket')  #=> true

See also: force_delete_bucket method



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 278

def delete_bucket(bucket, headers={})
  req_hash = generate_rest_request('DELETE', headers.merge(:url=>bucket))
  request_info(req_hash, RightHttp2xxParser.new)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#delete_bucket_link(bucket, expires = nil, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Generates link for ‘DeleteBucket’.

s3.delete_bucket_link('my_awesome_bucket') #=> url string



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 880

def delete_bucket_link(bucket, expires=nil,  headers={})
  generate_link('DELETE', headers.merge(:url=>bucket), expires)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#delete_folder(bucket, folder_key, separator = '/') ⇒ Object

Deletes all keys where the ‘folder_key’ may be assumed as ‘folder’ name. Returns an array of string keys that have been deleted.

s3.list_bucket('my_awesome_bucket').map{|key_data| key_data[:key]} #=> ['test','test/2/34','test/3','test1','test1/logs']
s3.delete_folder('my_awesome_bucket','test')                       #=> ['test','test/2/34','test/3']



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 808

def delete_folder(bucket, folder_key, separator='/')
  folder_key.chomp!(separator)
  allkeys = []
  incrementally_list_bucket(bucket, { 'prefix' => folder_key }) do |results|
    keys = results[:contents].map{ |s3_key| s3_key[:key][/^#{folder_key}($|#{separator}.*)/] ? s3_key[:key] : nil}.compact
    keys.each{ |key| delete(bucket, key) }
    allkeys << keys
  end
  allkeys
rescue
  on_exception
end

#delete_link(bucket, key, expires = nil, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Generates link for ‘DeleteObject’.

s3.delete_link('my_awesome_bucket',key) #=> url string



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 939

def delete_link(bucket, key, expires=nil, headers={})
  generate_link('DELETE', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}/#{CGI::escape key}"), expires)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#fetch_request_params(headers) ⇒ Object

:nodoc:



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 130

def fetch_request_params(headers) #:nodoc:
  # default server to use
  server  = @params[:server]
  service = @params[:service].to_s
  service.chop! if service[%r{/$}] # remove trailing '/' from service
  # extract bucket name and check it's dns compartibility
  headers[:url].to_s[%r{^([a-z0-9._-]*)(/[^?]*)?(\?.+)?}i]
  bucket_name, key_path, params_list = $1, $2, $3
  # select request model
  if !param(:no_subdomains) && is_dns_bucket?(bucket_name)
    # fix a path
    server = "#{bucket_name}.#{server}"
    key_path ||= '/'
    path = "#{service}#{key_path}#{params_list}"
  else
    path = "#{service}/#{bucket_name}#{key_path}#{params_list}"
  end
  path_to_sign = "#{service}/#{bucket_name}#{key_path}#{params_list}"
#      path_to_sign = "/#{bucket_name}#{key_path}#{params_list}"
  [ server, path, path_to_sign ]
end

#force_delete_bucket(bucket) ⇒ Object

Deletes all keys in bucket then deletes bucket. Returns true or an exception.

s3.force_delete_bucket('my_awesome_bucket')



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 796

def force_delete_bucket(bucket)
  clear_bucket(bucket)
  delete_bucket(bucket)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#generate_link(method, headers = {}, expires = nil) ⇒ Object

Generates link for QUERY API



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 836

def generate_link(method, headers={}, expires=nil) #:nodoc:
    # calculate request data
  server, path, path_to_sign = fetch_request_params(headers)
    # expiration time
  expires ||= DEFAULT_EXPIRES_AFTER
  expires   = Time.now.utc + expires if expires.is_a?(Fixnum) && (expires < ONE_YEAR_IN_SECONDS)
  expires   = expires.to_i
    # remove unset(==optional) and symbolyc keys
  headers.each{ |key, value| headers.delete(key) if (value.nil? || key.is_a?(Symbol)) }
    #generate auth strings
  auth_string = canonical_string(method, path_to_sign, headers, expires)
  signature   = CGI::escape(Base64.encode64(OpenSSL::HMAC.digest(OpenSSL::Digest::Digest.new("sha1"), @aws_secret_access_key, auth_string)).strip)
    # path building
  addon = "Signature=#{signature}&Expires=#{expires}&AWSAccessKeyId=#{@aws_access_key_id}"
  path += path[/\?/] ? "&#{addon}" : "?#{addon}"
  "#{@params[:protocol]}://#{server}:#{@params[:port]}#{path}"
rescue
  on_exception
end

#generate_rest_request(method, headers) ⇒ Object

Generates request hash for REST API. Assumes that headers is URL encoded (use CGI::escape)



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 154

def generate_rest_request(method, headers)  # :nodoc:
  # calculate request data
server, path, path_to_sign = fetch_request_params(headers)
data = headers[:data]
  # remove unset(==optional) and symbolyc keys
headers.each{ |key, value| headers.delete(key) if (value.nil? || key.is_a?(Symbol)) }
  #
headers['content-type'] ||= ''
headers['date']           = Time.now.httpdate
  # create request
request      = "Net::HTTP::#{method.capitalize}".right_constantize.new(path)
request.body = data if data
  # set request headers and meta headers
headers.each      { |key, value| request[key.to_s] = value }
  #generate auth strings
auth_string = canonical_string(request.method, path_to_sign, request.to_hash)
signature   = AwsUtils::sign(@aws_secret_access_key, auth_string)
  # set other headers
request['Authorization'] = "AWS #{@aws_access_key_id}:#{signature}"
  # prepare output hash
{ :request  => request, 
  :server   => server,
  :port     => @params[:port],
  :protocol => @params[:protocol] }
end

#get(bucket, key, headers = {}, &block) ⇒ Object

Retrieves object data from Amazon. Returns a hash or an exception.

s3.get('my_awesome_bucket', 'log/curent/1.log') #=>

    {:object  => "Ola-la!", 
     :headers => {"last-modified"     => "Wed, 23 May 2007 09:08:04 GMT", 
                  "content-type"      => "", 
                  "etag"              => "\"000000000096f4ee74bc4596443ef2a4\"", 
                  "date"              => "Wed, 23 May 2007 09:08:03 GMT", 
                  "x-amz-id-2"        => "ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ1HJXZoehfrS4QxcxTdNGldR7w/FVqblP50fU8cuIMLiu", 
                  "x-amz-meta-family" => "Woho556!",
                  "x-amz-request-id"  => "0000000C246D770C", 
                  "server"            => "AmazonS3", 
                  "content-length"    => "7"}}

If a block is provided, yields incrementally to the block as the response is read. For large responses, this function is ideal as the response can be ‘streamed’. The hash containing header fields is still returned. Example: foo = File.new(‘./chunder.txt’, File::CREAT|File::RDWR) rhdr = s3.get(‘aws-test’, ‘Cent5V1_7_1.img.part.00’) do |chunk|

foo.write(chunk)

end foo.close



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 534

def get(bucket, key, headers={}, &block)
  req_hash = generate_rest_request('GET', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}/#{CGI::escape key}"))
  request_info(req_hash, S3HttpResponseBodyParser.new, &block)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#get_acl(bucket, key = '', headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Retieves the ACL (access control policy) for a bucket or object. Returns a hash of headers and xml doc with ACL data. See: docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonS3/2006-03-01/RESTAccessPolicy.html.

s3.get_acl('my_awesome_bucket', 'log/curent/1.log') #=>
  {:headers => {"x-amz-id-2"=>"B3BdDMDUz+phFF2mGBH04E46ZD4Qb9HF5PoPHqDRWBv+NVGeA3TOQ3BkVvPBjgxX",
                "content-type"=>"application/xml;charset=ISO-8859-1",
                "date"=>"Wed, 23 May 2007 09:40:16 GMT",
                "x-amz-request-id"=>"B183FA7AB5FBB4DD",
                "server"=>"AmazonS3",
                "transfer-encoding"=>"chunked"},
   :object  => "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<AccessControlPolicy xmlns=\"http://s3.amazonaws.com/doc/2006-03-01/\"><Owner>
                <ID>16144ab2929314cc309ffe736daa2b264357476c7fea6efb2c3347ac3ab2792a</ID><DisplayName>root</DisplayName></Owner>
                <AccessControlList><Grant><Grantee xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\" xsi:type=\"CanonicalUser\"><ID>
                16144ab2929314cc309ffe736daa2b264357476c7fea6efb2c3347ac3ab2792a</ID><DisplayName>root</DisplayName></Grantee>
                <Permission>FULL_CONTROL</Permission></Grant></AccessControlList></AccessControlPolicy>" }



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 702

def get_acl(bucket, key='', headers={})
  key = key.right_blank? ? '' : "/#{CGI::escape key}"
  req_hash = generate_rest_request('GET', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}#{key}?acl"))
  request_info(req_hash, S3HttpResponseBodyParser.new) 
rescue
  on_exception
end

#get_acl_link(bucket, key = '', headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Generates link for ‘GetACL’.

s3.get_acl_link('my_awesome_bucket',key) #=> url string



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 950

def get_acl_link(bucket, key='', headers={})
  return generate_link('GET', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}/#{CGI::escape key}?acl"))
rescue
  on_exception
end

#get_acl_parse(bucket, key = '', headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Retieves the ACL (access control policy) for a bucket or object. Returns a hash of :grantees

s3.get_acl_parse('my_awesome_bucket', 'log/curent/1.log') #=>

{ :grantees=>
  { "16...2a"=>
    { :display_name=>"root",
      :permissions=>["FULL_CONTROL"],
      :attributes=>
       { "xsi:type"=>"CanonicalUser",
         "xmlns:xsi"=>"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"}},
   "http://acs.amazonaws.com/groups/global/AllUsers"=>
     { :display_name=>"AllUsers",
       :permissions=>["READ"],
       :attributes=>
        { "xsi:type"=>"Group",
          "xmlns:xsi"=>"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"}}},
 :owner=>
   { :id=>"16..2a",
     :display_name=>"root"}}



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 732

def get_acl_parse(bucket, key='', headers={})
  key = key.right_blank? ? '' : "/#{CGI::escape key}"
  req_hash = generate_rest_request('GET', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}#{key}?acl"))
  acl = request_info(req_hash, S3AclParser.new(:logger => @logger))
  result = {}
  result[:owner]    = acl[:owner]
  result[:grantees] = {}
  acl[:grantees].each do |grantee|
    key = grantee[:id] || grantee[:uri]
    if result[:grantees].key?(key)
      result[:grantees][key][:permissions] << grantee[:permissions]
    else
      result[:grantees][key] = 
        { :display_name => grantee[:display_name] || grantee[:uri].to_s[/[^\/]*$/],
          :permissions  => Array(grantee[:permissions]),
          :attributes   => grantee[:attributes] }
    end
  end
  result
rescue
  on_exception
end

#get_bucket_acl(bucket, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Retieves the ACL (access control policy) for a bucket. Returns a hash of headers and xml doc with ACL data.



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 765

def get_bucket_acl(bucket, headers={})
  return get_acl(bucket, '', headers)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#get_bucket_acl_link(bucket, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Generates link for ‘GetBucketACL’.

s3.get_acl_link('my_awesome_bucket',key) #=> url string



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 970

def get_bucket_acl_link(bucket, headers={})
  return get_acl_link(bucket, '', headers)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#get_link(bucket, key, expires = nil, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Generates link for ‘GetObject’.

if a bucket comply with virtual hosting naming then retuns a link with the bucket as a part of host name:

s3.get_link('my-awesome-bucket',key) #=> https://my-awesome-bucket.s3.amazonaws.com:443/asia%2Fcustomers?Signature=nh7...

otherwise returns an old style link (the bucket is a part of path):

s3.get_link('my_awesome_bucket',key) #=> https://s3.amazonaws.com:443/my_awesome_bucket/asia%2Fcustomers?Signature=QAO...

see docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonS3/2006-03-01/VirtualHosting.html



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 919

def get_link(bucket, key, expires=nil, headers={})
  generate_link('GET', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}/#{CGI::escape key}"), expires)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#get_logging_parse(params) ⇒ Object

Returns a hash of :targetbucket, :targetprefix

s3.interface.get_logging_parse(:bucket => “asset_bucket”)

=> {:enabled=>true, :targetbucket=>"mylogbucket", :targetprefix=>"loggylogs/"}



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 248

def get_logging_parse(params)
  AwsUtils.mandatory_arguments([:bucket], params)
  AwsUtils.allow_only([:bucket, :headers], params)
  params[:headers] = {} unless params[:headers]
  req_hash = generate_rest_request('GET', params[:headers].merge(:url=>"#{params[:bucket]}?logging"))
  request_info(req_hash, S3LoggingParser.new)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#get_object(bucket, key, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Retrieves object data only (headers are omitted). Returns string or an exception.

s3.get('my_awesome_bucket', 'log/curent/1.log') #=> 'Ola-la!'



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 825

def get_object(bucket, key, headers={})
  get(bucket, key, headers)[:object]
rescue
  on_exception
end

#head(bucket, key, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Retrieves object metadata. Returns a hash of http_response_headers.

s3.head('my_awesome_bucket', 'log/curent/1.log') #=>
  {"last-modified"     => "Wed, 23 May 2007 09:08:04 GMT", 
   "content-type"      => "", 
   "etag"              => "\"000000000096f4ee74bc4596443ef2a4\"", 
   "date"              => "Wed, 23 May 2007 09:08:03 GMT", 
   "x-amz-id-2"        => "ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ1HJXZoehfrS4QxcxTdNGldR7w/FVqblP50fU8cuIMLiu", 
   "x-amz-meta-family" => "Woho556!",
   "x-amz-request-id"  => "0000000C246D770C", 
   "server"            => "AmazonS3", 
   "content-length"    => "7"}



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 620

def head(bucket, key, headers={})
  req_hash = generate_rest_request('HEAD', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}/#{CGI::escape key}"))
  request_info(req_hash, S3HttpResponseHeadParser.new)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#head_link(bucket, key, expires = nil, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Generates link for ‘HeadObject’.

s3.head_link('my_awesome_bucket',key) #=> url string



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 929

def head_link(bucket, key, expires=nil,  headers={})
  generate_link('HEAD', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}/#{CGI::escape key}"), expires)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#incrementally_list_bucket(bucket, options = {}, headers = {}, &block) ⇒ Object

Incrementally list the contents of a bucket. Yields the following hash to a block:

s3.incrementally_list_bucket('my_awesome_bucket', { 'prefix'=>'t', 'marker'=>'', 'max-keys'=>5, delimiter=>'' }) yields  
 {
   :name => 'bucketname',
   :prefix => 'subfolder/',
   :marker => 'fileN.jpg',
   :max_keys => 234,
   :delimiter => '/',
   :is_truncated => true,
   :next_marker => 'fileX.jpg',
   :contents => [
     { :key => "file1",
       :last_modified => "2007-05-18T07:00:59.000Z",
       :e_tag => "000000000059075b964b07152d234b70",
       :size => 3,
       :storage_class => "STANDARD",
       :owner_id => "00000000009314cc309ffe736daa2b264357476c7fea6efb2c3347ac3ab2792a",
       :owner_display_name => "root"
     }, { :key, ...}, ... {:key, ...}
   ]
   :common_prefixes => [
     "prefix1",
     "prefix2",
     ...,
     "prefixN"
   ]
 }



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 336

def incrementally_list_bucket(bucket, options={}, headers={}, &block)
  internal_options = options.right_symbolize_keys
  begin 
    internal_bucket = bucket.dup
    internal_bucket  += '?'+internal_options.map{|k, v| "#{k.to_s}=#{CGI::escape v.to_s}"}.join('&') unless internal_options.right_blank?
    req_hash = generate_rest_request('GET', headers.merge(:url=>internal_bucket))
    response = request_info(req_hash, S3ImprovedListBucketParser.new(:logger => @logger))
    there_are_more_keys = response[:is_truncated]
    if(there_are_more_keys)
      internal_options[:marker] = decide_marker(response)
      total_results = response[:contents].length + response[:common_prefixes].length
      internal_options[:'max-keys'] ? (internal_options[:'max-keys'] -= total_results) : nil 
    end
    yield response
  end while there_are_more_keys && under_max_keys(internal_options)
  true
rescue
  on_exception
end

#is_dns_bucket?(bucket_name) ⇒ Boolean

docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonS3/2006-03-01/index.html?BucketRestrictions.html

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 121

def is_dns_bucket?(bucket_name)
  bucket_name = bucket_name.to_s
  return nil unless (3..63) === bucket_name.size
  bucket_name.split('.').each do |component|
    return nil unless component[/^[a-z0-9]([a-z0-9-]*[a-z0-9])?$/]
  end
  true
end

#list_all_my_buckets(headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Returns an array of customer’s buckets. Each item is a hash.

s3.list_all_my_buckets #=> 
  [{:owner_id           => "00000000009314cc309ffe736daa2b264357476c7fea6efb2c3347ac3ab2792a",
    :owner_display_name => "root",
    :name               => "bucket_name",
    :creation_date      => "2007-04-19T18:47:43.000Z"}, ..., {...}]



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 194

def list_all_my_buckets(headers={})
  req_hash = generate_rest_request('GET', headers.merge(:url=>''))
  request_info(req_hash, S3ListAllMyBucketsParser.new(:logger => @logger))
rescue
  on_exception
end

#list_all_my_buckets_link(expires = nil, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Generates link for ‘ListAllMyBuckets’.

s3.list_all_my_buckets_link #=> url string



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 860

def list_all_my_buckets_link(expires=nil, headers={})
  generate_link('GET', headers.merge(:url=>''), expires)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#list_bucket(bucket, options = {}, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Returns an array of bucket’s keys. Each array item (key data) is a hash.

s3.list_bucket('my_awesome_bucket', { 'prefix'=>'t', 'marker'=>'', 'max-keys'=>5, delimiter=>'' }) #=>
  [{:key                => "test1",
    :last_modified      => "2007-05-18T07:00:59.000Z",
    :owner_id           => "00000000009314cc309ffe736daa2b264357476c7fea6efb2c3347ac3ab2792a",
    :owner_display_name => "root",
    :e_tag              => "000000000059075b964b07152d234b70",
    :storage_class      => "STANDARD",
    :size               => 3,
    :service=> {'is_truncated' => false,
                'prefix'       => "t",
                'marker'       => "",
                'name'         => "my_awesome_bucket",
                'max-keys'     => "5"}, ..., {...}]



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 301

def list_bucket(bucket, options={}, headers={})
  bucket  += '?'+options.map{|k, v| "#{k.to_s}=#{CGI::escape v.to_s}"}.join('&') unless options.right_blank?
  req_hash = generate_rest_request('GET', headers.merge(:url=>bucket))
  request_info(req_hash, S3ListBucketParser.new(:logger => @logger))
rescue
  on_exception
end

#list_bucket_link(bucket, options = nil, expires = nil, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Generates link for ‘ListBucket’.

s3.list_bucket_link('my_awesome_bucket') #=> url string



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 890

def list_bucket_link(bucket, options=nil, expires=nil, headers={})
  bucket += '?' + options.map{|k, v| "#{k.to_s}=#{CGI::escape v.to_s}"}.join('&') unless options.right_blank?
  generate_link('GET', headers.merge(:url=>bucket), expires)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#move(src_bucket, src_key, dest_bucket, dest_key = nil, directive = :copy, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Move an object. 

directive: :copy    - copy meta-headers from source (default value)
           :replace - replace meta-headers by passed ones

# move bucket1/key1 to bucket1/key2
s3.move('bucket1', 'key1', 'bucket1', 'key2') #=> {:e_tag=>"\"e8b...8d\"", :last_modified=>"2008-05-11T10:27:22.000Z"}

# move bucket1/key1 to bucket2/key2 with new meta-headers assignment
s3.copy('bucket1', 'key1', 'bucket2', 'key2', :replace, 'x-amz-meta-family'=>'Woho555!') #=> {:e_tag=>"\"e8b...8d\"", :last_modified=>"2008-05-11T10:28:22.000Z"}



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 671

def move(src_bucket, src_key, dest_bucket, dest_key=nil, directive=:copy, headers={})
  copy_result = copy(src_bucket, src_key, dest_bucket, dest_key, directive, headers)
  # delete an original key if it differs from a destination one
  delete(src_bucket, src_key) unless src_bucket == dest_bucket && src_key == dest_key
  copy_result
end

#param(name) ⇒ Object

get custom option



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 58

def param(name)
  # - check explicitly defined param (@params)
  # - otherwise check implicitly defined one (@@params)
  @params.has_key?(name) ? @params[name] : @@params[name]
end

#put(bucket, key, data = nil, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Saves object to Amazon. Returns true or an exception. Any header starting with AMAZON_METADATA_PREFIX is considered user metadata. It will be stored with the object and returned when you retrieve the object. The total size of the HTTP request, not including the body, must be less than 4 KB.

s3.put('my_awesome_bucket', 'log/current/1.log', 'Ola-la!', 'x-amz-meta-family'=>'Woho556!') #=> true

This method is capable of ‘streaming’ uploads; that is, it can upload data from a file or other IO object without first reading all the data into memory. This is most useful for large PUTs - it is difficult to read a 2 GB file entirely into memory before sending it to S3. To stream an upload, pass an object that responds to ‘read’ (like the read method of IO) and to either ‘lstat’ or ‘size’. For files, this means streaming is enabled by simply making the call:

s3.put(bucket_name, 'S3keyname.forthisfile',  File.open('localfilename.dat'))

If the IO object you wish to stream from responds to the read method but doesn’t implement lstat or size, you can extend the object dynamically to implement these methods, or define your own class which defines these methods. Be sure that your class returns ‘nil’ from read() after having read ‘size’ bytes. Otherwise S3 will drop the socket after ‘Content-Length’ bytes have been uploaded, and HttpConnection will interpret this as an error.

This method now supports very large PUTs, where very large is > 2 GB.

For Win32 users: Files and IO objects should be opened in binary mode. If a text mode IO object is passed to PUT, it will be converted to binary mode.



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 411

def put(bucket, key, data=nil, headers={})
  # On Windows, if someone opens a file in text mode, we must reset it so
  # to binary mode for streaming to work properly
  if(data.respond_to?(:binmode))
    data.binmode
  end
  if (data.respond_to?(:lstat) && data.lstat.size >= USE_100_CONTINUE_PUT_SIZE) ||
     (data.respond_to?(:size)  && data.size       >= USE_100_CONTINUE_PUT_SIZE)
    headers['expect'] = '100-continue'
  end
  req_hash = generate_rest_request('PUT', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}/#{CGI::escape key}", :data=>data))
  request_info(req_hash, RightHttp2xxParser.new)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#put_acl(bucket, key, acl_xml_doc, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Sets the ACL on a bucket or object.



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 756

def put_acl(bucket, key, acl_xml_doc, headers={})
  key = key.right_blank? ? '' : "/#{CGI::escape key}"
  req_hash = generate_rest_request('PUT', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}#{key}?acl", :data=>acl_xml_doc))
  request_info(req_hash, S3HttpResponseBodyParser.new)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#put_acl_link(bucket, key = '', headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Generates link for ‘PutACL’.

s3.put_acl_link('my_awesome_bucket',key) #=> url string



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 960

def put_acl_link(bucket, key='', headers={})
  return generate_link('PUT', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}/#{CGI::escape key}?acl"))
rescue
  on_exception
end

#put_bucket_acl(bucket, acl_xml_doc, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Sets the ACL on a bucket only.



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 772

def put_bucket_acl(bucket, acl_xml_doc, headers={})
  return put_acl(bucket, '', acl_xml_doc, headers)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#put_bucket_acl_link(bucket, acl_xml_doc, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Generates link for ‘PutBucketACL’.

s3.put_acl_link('my_awesome_bucket',key) #=> url string



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 980

def put_bucket_acl_link(bucket, acl_xml_doc, headers={})
  return put_acl_link(bucket, '', acl_xml_doc, headers)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#put_link(bucket, key, data = nil, expires = nil, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Generates link for ‘PutObject’.

s3.put_link('my_awesome_bucket',key, object) #=> url string



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 901

def put_link(bucket, key, data=nil, expires=nil, headers={})
  generate_link('PUT', headers.merge(:url=>"#{bucket}/#{CGI::escape key}", :data=>data), expires)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#put_logging(params) ⇒ Object

Sets logging configuration for a bucket from the XML configuration document.

params:
 :bucket
 :xmldoc



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 262

def put_logging(params)  
  AwsUtils.mandatory_arguments([:bucket,:xmldoc], params)
  AwsUtils.allow_only([:bucket,:xmldoc, :headers], params)
  params[:headers] = {} unless params[:headers]
  req_hash = generate_rest_request('PUT', params[:headers].merge(:url=>"#{params[:bucket]}?logging", :data => params[:xmldoc]))
  request_info(req_hash, RightHttp2xxParser.new)
rescue
  on_exception
end

#rename(src_bucket, src_key, dest_key, headers = {}) ⇒ Object

Rename an object. 

# rename bucket1/key1 to bucket1/key2
s3.rename('bucket1', 'key1', 'key2') #=> {:e_tag=>"\"e8b...8d\"", :last_modified=>"2008-05-11T10:29:22.000Z"}



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 683

def rename(src_bucket, src_key, dest_key, headers={})
  move(src_bucket, src_key, src_bucket, dest_key, :copy, headers)
end

#request_info(request, parser, &block) ⇒ Object

Sends request to Amazon and parses the response. Raises AwsError if any banana happened.



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 182

def request_info(request, parser, &block) # :nodoc:
  request_info_impl(:s3_connection, @@bench, request, parser, &block)
end

#retrieve_object(params, &block) ⇒ Object

New experimental API for retrieving objects, introduced in RightAws 1.8.1. retrieve_object is similar in function to the older function get. It allows for optional verification of object md5 checksums on retrieval. Parameters are passed as hash entries and are checked for completeness as well as for spurious arguments.

If the optional :md5 argument is provided, retrieve_object verifies that the given md5 matches the md5 returned by S3. The :verified_md5 field in the response hash is set true or false depending on the outcome of this check. If no :md5 argument is given, :verified_md5 will be false in the response.

The optional argument of :headers allows the caller to specify arbitrary request header values. Mandatory arguments:

:bucket - the bucket in which the object is stored
:key    - the object address (or path) within the bucket

Optional arguments:

 :headers - hash of additional HTTP headers to include with the request
 :md5     - MD5 checksum against which to verify the retrieved object

s3.retrieve_object(:bucket => "foobucket", :key => "foo") 
  => {:verified_md5=>false, 
      :headers=>{"last-modified"=>"Mon, 29 Sep 2008 18:58:56 GMT", 
                 "x-amz-id-2"=>"2Aj3TDz6HP5109qly//18uHZ2a1TNHGLns9hyAtq2ved7wmzEXDOPGRHOYEa3Qnp", 
                 "content-type"=>"", 
                 "etag"=>"\"a507841b1bc8115094b00bbe8c1b2954\"", 
                 "date"=>"Tue, 30 Sep 2008 00:52:44 GMT", 
                 "x-amz-request-id"=>"EE4855DE27A2688C", 
                 "server"=>"AmazonS3", 
                 "content-length"=>"10"}, 
      :object=>"polemonium"}

s3.retrieve_object(:bucket => "foobucket", :key => "foo", :md5=>'a507841b1bc8115094b00bbe8c1b2954') 
  => {:verified_md5=>true, 
      :headers=>{"last-modified"=>"Mon, 29 Sep 2008 18:58:56 GMT", 
                 "x-amz-id-2"=>"mLWQcI+VuKVIdpTaPXEo84g0cz+vzmRLbj79TS8eFPfw19cGFOPxuLy4uGYVCvdH", 
                 "content-type"=>"", "etag"=>"\"a507841b1bc8115094b00bbe8c1b2954\"", 
                 "date"=>"Tue, 30 Sep 2008 00:53:08 GMT", 
                 "x-amz-request-id"=>"6E7F317356580599", 
                 "server"=>"AmazonS3", 
                 "content-length"=>"10"}, 
      :object=>"polemonium"}

If a block is provided, yields incrementally to the block as the response is read. For large responses, this function is ideal as the response can be ‘streamed’. The hash containing header fields is still returned.



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 582

def retrieve_object(params, &block)
  AwsUtils.mandatory_arguments([:bucket, :key], params)
  AwsUtils.allow_only([:bucket, :key, :headers, :md5], params)
  params[:headers] = {} unless params[:headers]
  req_hash = generate_rest_request('GET', params[:headers].merge(:url=>"#{params[:bucket]}/#{CGI::escape params[:key]}"))
  resp = request_info(req_hash, S3HttpResponseBodyParser.new, &block)
  resp[:verified_md5] = false
  if(params[:md5] && (resp[:headers]['etag'].gsub(/\"/,'') == params[:md5]))
    resp[:verified_md5] = true
  end
  resp
rescue
  on_exception
end

#retrieve_object_and_verify(params, &block) ⇒ Object

Identical in function to retrieve_object, but requires verification that the returned ETag is identical to the checksum passed in by the user as the ‘md5’ argument. If the check passes, returns the response metadata with the “verified_md5” field set true. Raises an exception if the checksums conflict. This call is implemented as a wrapper around retrieve_object and the user may gain different semantics by creating a custom wrapper.

Raises:



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 600

def retrieve_object_and_verify(params, &block)
  AwsUtils.mandatory_arguments([:md5], params)
  resp = retrieve_object(params, &block)
  return resp if resp[:verified_md5]
  raise AwsError.new("Retrieved object failed MD5 checksum verification: #{resp.inspect}")
end

#store_object(params) ⇒ Object

New experimental API for uploading objects, introduced in RightAws 1.8.1. store_object is similar in function to the older function put, but returns the full response metadata. It also allows for optional verification of object md5 checksums on upload. Parameters are passed as hash entries and are checked for completeness as well as for spurious arguments. The hash of the response headers contains useful information like the Amazon request ID and the object ETag (MD5 checksum).

If the optional :md5 argument is provided, store_object verifies that the given md5 matches the md5 returned by S3. The :verified_md5 field in the response hash is set true or false depending on the outcome of this check. If no :md5 argument is given, :verified_md5 will be false in the response.

The optional argument of :headers allows the caller to specify arbitrary request header values.

s3.store_object(:bucket => “foobucket”, :key => “foo”, :md5 => “a507841b1bc8115094b00bbe8c1b2954”, :data => “polemonium” )

=> {"x-amz-id-2"=>"SVsnS2nfDaR+ixyJUlRKM8GndRyEMS16+oZRieamuL61pPxPaTuWrWtlYaEhYrI/", 
    "etag"=>"\"a507841b1bc8115094b00bbe8c1b2954\"", 
    "date"=>"Mon, 29 Sep 2008 18:57:46 GMT", 
    :verified_md5=>true, 
    "x-amz-request-id"=>"63916465939995BA", 
    "server"=>"AmazonS3", 
    "content-length"=>"0"}

s3.store_object(:bucket => “foobucket”, :key => “foo”, :data => “polemonium” )

=> {"x-amz-id-2"=>"MAt9PLjgLX9UYJ5tV2fI/5dBZdpFjlzRVpWgBDpvZpl+V+gJFcBMW2L+LBstYpbR", 
    "etag"=>"\"a507841b1bc8115094b00bbe8c1b2954\"", 
    "date"=>"Mon, 29 Sep 2008 18:58:56 GMT", 
    :verified_md5=>false, 
    "x-amz-request-id"=>"3B25A996BC2CDD3B", 
    "server"=>"AmazonS3", 
    "content-length"=>"0"}



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 457

def store_object(params)
  AwsUtils.allow_only([:bucket, :key, :data, :headers, :md5], params)
  AwsUtils.mandatory_arguments([:bucket, :key, :data], params)
  params[:headers] = {} unless params[:headers]
      
  params[:data].binmode if(params[:data].respond_to?(:binmode)) # On Windows, if someone opens a file in text mode, we must reset it to binary mode for streaming to work properly
  if (params[:data].respond_to?(:lstat) && params[:data].lstat.size >= USE_100_CONTINUE_PUT_SIZE) ||
     (params[:data].respond_to?(:size)  && params[:data].size       >= USE_100_CONTINUE_PUT_SIZE)
    params[:headers]['expect'] = '100-continue'
  end
  
  req_hash = generate_rest_request('PUT', params[:headers].merge(:url=>"#{params[:bucket]}/#{CGI::escape params[:key]}", :data=>params[:data]))
  resp = request_info(req_hash, S3HttpResponseHeadParser.new)
  if(params[:md5])
    resp[:verified_md5] = (resp['etag'].gsub(/\"/, '') == params[:md5]) ? true : false
  else
    resp[:verified_md5] = false
  end
  resp
rescue
  on_exception
end

#store_object_and_verify(params) ⇒ Object

Identical in function to store_object, but requires verification that the returned ETag is identical to the checksum passed in by the user as the ‘md5’ argument. If the check passes, returns the response metadata with the “verified_md5” field set true. Raises an exception if the checksums conflict. This call is implemented as a wrapper around store_object and the user may gain different semantics by creating a custom wrapper.

s3.store_object_and_verify(:bucket => “foobucket”, :key => “foo”, :md5 => “a507841b1bc8115094b00bbe8c1b2954”, :data => “polemonium” )

=> {"x-amz-id-2"=>"IZN3XsH4FlBU0+XYkFTfHwaiF1tNzrm6dIW2EM/cthKvl71nldfVC0oVQyydzWpb", 
    "etag"=>"\"a507841b1bc8115094b00bbe8c1b2954\"", 
    "date"=>"Mon, 29 Sep 2008 18:38:32 GMT", 
    :verified_md5=>true, 
    "x-amz-request-id"=>"E8D7EA4FE00F5DF7", 
    "server"=>"AmazonS3", 
    "content-length"=>"0"}

s3.store_object_and_verify(:bucket => “foobucket”, :key => “foo”, :md5 => “a507841b1bc8115094b00bbe8c1b2953”, :data => “polemonium” )

RightAws::AwsError: Uploaded object failed MD5 checksum verification: {"x-amz-id-2"=>"HTxVtd2bf7UHHDn+WzEH43MkEjFZ26xuYvUzbstkV6nrWvECRWQWFSx91z/bl03n", 
                                                                       "etag"=>"\"a507841b1bc8115094b00bbe8c1b2954\"", 
                                                                       "date"=>"Mon, 29 Sep 2008 18:38:41 GMT", 
                                                                       :verified_md5=>false, 
                                                                       "x-amz-request-id"=>"0D7ADE09F42606F2", 
                                                                       "server"=>"AmazonS3", 
                                                                       "content-length"=>"0"}



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# File 'lib/s3/right_s3_interface.rb', line 501

def store_object_and_verify(params)
  AwsUtils.mandatory_arguments([:md5], params)
  r = store_object(params)
  r[:verified_md5] ? (return r) : (raise AwsError.new("Uploaded object failed MD5 checksum verification: #{r.inspect}"))
end