Module: Daru::Maths::Statistics::Vector
- Included in:
- Vector
- Defined in:
- lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb
Instance Method Summary collapse
-
#acf(max_lags = nil) ⇒ Object
Calculates the autocorrelation coefficients of the series.
-
#acvf(demean = true, unbiased = true) ⇒ Object
Provides autocovariance.
- #average_deviation_population(m = nil) ⇒ Object (also: #adp)
-
#box_cox_transformation(lambda) ⇒ Object
:nodoc:.
-
#center ⇒ Object
Center data by subtracting the mean from each non-nil value.
- #coefficient_of_variation ⇒ Object (also: #cov)
-
#count(value = false) ⇒ Object
Retrieves number of cases which comply condition.
-
#cumsum ⇒ Object
Calculate cumulative sum of Vector.
-
#dichotomize(low = nil) ⇒ Object
Dichotomize the vector with 0 and 1, based on lowest value.
-
#diff(max_lags = 1) ⇒ Daru::Vector
Performs the difference of the series.
-
#ema(n = 10, wilder = false) ⇒ Daru::Vector
Exponential Moving Average.
-
#factors ⇒ Object
Retrieve unique values of non-nil data.
- #freqs ⇒ Object
- #frequencies ⇒ Object
- #kurtosis(m = nil) ⇒ Object
-
#macd(fast = 12, slow = 26, signal = 9) ⇒ Object
Moving Average Convergence-Divergence.
-
#max(return_type = :stored_type) ⇒ Object
Maximum element of the vector.
-
#max_index ⇒ Daru::Vector
Return a Vector with the max element and its index.
- #mean ⇒ Object
- #median ⇒ Object
- #median_absolute_deviation ⇒ Object (also: #mad)
- #min ⇒ Object
- #mode ⇒ Object
-
#percentile(q, strategy = :midpoint) ⇒ Object
(also: #percentil)
Returns the value of the percentile q.
- #product ⇒ Object
- #proportion(value = 1) ⇒ Object
- #proportions ⇒ Object
- #range ⇒ Object
- #ranked ⇒ Object
-
#rolling(function, n = 10) ⇒ Daru::Vector
Calculate the rolling function for a loopback value.
-
#rolling_count ⇒ Object
Calculate rolling non-missing count.
-
#rolling_max ⇒ Object
Calculate rolling max value.
-
#rolling_mean ⇒ Object
Calculate rolling average.
-
#rolling_median ⇒ Object
Calculate rolling median.
-
#rolling_min ⇒ Object
Calculate rolling min value.
-
#rolling_std ⇒ Object
Calculate rolling standard deviation.
-
#rolling_sum ⇒ Object
Calculate rolling sum.
-
#rolling_variance ⇒ Object
Calculate rolling variance.
-
#sample_with_replacement(sample = 1) ⇒ Object
Returns an random sample of size n, with replacement, only with non-nil data.
-
#sample_without_replacement(sample = 1) ⇒ Object
Returns an random sample of size n, without replacement, only with valid data.
-
#skew(m = nil) ⇒ Object
Calculate skewness using (sigma(xi - mean)^3)/((N)*std_dev_sample^3).
- #standard_deviation_population(m = nil) ⇒ Object (also: #sdp)
- #standard_deviation_sample(m = nil) ⇒ Object (also: #sds, #sd)
- #standard_error ⇒ Object (also: #se)
-
#standardize(use_population = false) ⇒ Object
Standardize data.
- #sum ⇒ Object
- #sum_of_squared_deviation ⇒ Object
- #sum_of_squares(m = nil) ⇒ Object (also: #ss)
-
#value_counts ⇒ Object
Count number of occurences of each value in the Vector.
-
#variance_population(m = nil) ⇒ Object
Population variance with denominator (N).
-
#variance_sample(m = nil) ⇒ Object
(also: #variance)
Sample variance with denominator (N-1).
- #vector_centered_compute(m) ⇒ Object
-
#vector_percentile ⇒ Object
Replace each non-nil value in the vector with its percentile.
- #vector_standardized_compute(m, sd) ⇒ Object
Instance Method Details
#acf(max_lags = nil) ⇒ Object
Calculates the autocorrelation coefficients of the series.
The first element is always 1, since that is the correlation of the series with itself.
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 518 def acf(max_lags = nil) max_lags ||= (10 * Math.log10(size)).to_i (0..max_lags).map do |i| if i == 0 1.0 else m = self.mean # can't use Pearson coefficient since the mean for the lagged series should # be the same as the regular series ((self - m) * (self.lag(i) - m)).sum / self.variance_sample / (self.size - 1) end end end |
#acvf(demean = true, unbiased = true) ⇒ Object
Provides autocovariance.
Options
-
:demean = true; optional. Supply false if series is not to be demeaned
-
:unbiased = true; optional. true/false for unbiased/biased form of autocovariance
Returns
Autocovariance value
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 543 def acvf(demean = true, unbiased = true) opts = { demean: true, unbaised: true }.merge(opts) demean = opts[:demean] unbiased = opts[:unbiased] if demean demeaned_series = self - self.mean else demeaned_series = self end n = (10 * Math.log10(size)).to_i + 1 m = self.mean if unbiased d = Array.new(self.size, self.size) else d = ((1..self.size).to_a.reverse)[0..n] end 0.upto(n - 1).map do |i| (demeaned_series * (self.lag(i) - m)).sum / d[i] end end |
#average_deviation_population(m = nil) ⇒ Object Also known as: adp
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 205 def average_deviation_population m=nil type == :numeric or raise TypeError, "Vector must be numeric" m ||= mean (@data.inject( 0 ) { |memo, val| @missing_values.has_key?(val) ? memo : ( val - m ).abs + memo }).quo( n_valid ) end |
#box_cox_transformation(lambda) ⇒ Object
:nodoc:
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 288 def box_cox_transformation lambda # :nodoc: raise "Should be a numeric" unless @type == :numeric self.recode do |x| if !x.nil? if(lambda == 0) Math.log(x) else (x ** lambda - 1).quo(lambda) end else nil end end end |
#center ⇒ Object
Center data by subtracting the mean from each non-nil value.
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 270 def center self - mean end |
#coefficient_of_variation ⇒ Object Also known as: cov
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 106 def coefficient_of_variation standard_deviation_sample / mean end |
#count(value = false) ⇒ Object
Retrieves number of cases which comply condition. If block given, retrieves number of instances where block returns true. If other values given, retrieves the frequency for this value. If no value given, counts the number of non-nil elements in the Vector.
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 114 def count value=false if block_given? @data.inject(0){ |memo, val| memo += 1 if yield val; memo} elsif value val = frequencies[value] val.nil? ? 0 : val else size - @missing_positions.size end end |
#cumsum ⇒ Object
Calculate cumulative sum of Vector
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 571 def cumsum result = [] acc = 0 @data.each do |d| if @missing_values.has_key?(d) result << nil else acc += d result << acc end end Daru::Vector.new(result, index: @index) end |
#dichotomize(low = nil) ⇒ Object
Dichotomize the vector with 0 and 1, based on lowest value. If parameter is defined, this value and lower will be 0 and higher, 1.
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 255 def dichotomize(low = nil) low ||= factors.min self.recode do |x| if x.nil? nil elsif x > low 1 else 0 end end end |
#diff(max_lags = 1) ⇒ Daru::Vector
Performs the difference of the series. Note: The first difference of series is X(t) - X(t-1) But, second difference of series is NOT X(t) - X(t-2) It is the first difference of the first difference
> (X(t) - X(t-1)) - (X(t-1) - X(t-2))
Arguments
-
max_lags: integer, (default: 1), number of differences reqd.
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 385 def diff(max_lags = 1) ts = self difference = [] max_lags.times do difference = ts - ts.lag ts = difference end difference end |
#ema(n = 10, wilder = false) ⇒ Daru::Vector
Exponential Moving Average. Calculates an exponential moving average of the series using a specified parameter. If wilder is false (the default) then the EMA uses a smoothing value of 2 / (n + 1), if it is true then it uses the Welles Wilder smoother of 1 / n.
Warning for EMA usage: EMAs are unstable for small series, as they use a lot more than n observations to calculate. The series is stable if the size of the series is >= 3.45 * (n + 1)
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 469 def ema(n = 10, wilder = false) smoother = wilder ? 1.0 / n : 2.0 / (n + 1) # need to start everything from the first non-nil observation start = @data.index { |i| i != nil } # first n - 1 observations are nil base = [nil] * (start + n - 1) # nth observation is just a moving average base << @data[start...(start + n)].inject(0.0) { |s, a| a.nil? ? s : s + a } / n (start + n).upto size - 1 do |i| base << self[i] * smoother + (1 - smoother) * base.last end Daru::Vector.new(base, index: @index) end |
#factors ⇒ Object
Retrieve unique values of non-nil data
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 52 def factors only_valid.uniq.reset_index! end |
#freqs ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 86 def freqs Daru::Vector.new(frequencies) end |
#frequencies ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 76 def frequencies @data.inject({}) do |hash, element| unless element.nil? hash[element] ||= 0 hash[element] += 1 end hash end end |
#kurtosis(m = nil) ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 195 def kurtosis m=nil if @data.respond_to? :kurtosis @data.kurtosis else m ||= mean fo = @data.inject(0){ |a, x| a + ((x - m) ** 4) } fo.quo((@size - @missing_positions.size) * standard_deviation_sample(m) ** 4) - 3 end end |
#macd(fast = 12, slow = 26, signal = 9) ⇒ Object
Moving Average Convergence-Divergence. Calculates the MACD (moving average convergence-divergence) of the time series - this is a comparison of a fast EMA with a slow EMA.
Arguments
-
fast: integer, (default = 12) - fast component of MACD
-
slow: integer, (default = 26) - slow component of MACD
-
signal: integer, (default = 9) - signal component of MACD
Usage
ts = Daru::Vector.new((1..100).map { rand })
# => [0.69, 0.23, 0.44, 0.71, ...]
ts.macd(13)
Returns
Array of two Daru::Vectors - comparison of fast EMA with slow and EMA with signal value
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 503 def macd(fast = 12, slow = 26, signal = 9) series = ema(fast) - ema(slow) [series, series.ema(signal)] end |
#max(return_type = :stored_type) ⇒ Object
Maximum element of the vector.
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 61 def max return_type=:stored_type max_value = @data.max if return_type == :vector Daru::Vector.new({index_of(max_value) => max_value}, name: @name, dtype: @dtype) else max_value end end |
#max_index ⇒ Daru::Vector
Return a Vector with the max element and its index.
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 72 def max_index max :vector end |
#mean ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 8 def mean @data.mean end |
#median ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 28 def median @data.respond_to?(:median) ? @data.median : percentile(50) end |
#median_absolute_deviation ⇒ Object Also known as: mad
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 37 def median_absolute_deviation m = median recode {|val| (val - m).abs }.median end |
#min ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 20 def min @data.min end |
#mode ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 32 def mode freqs = frequencies.values @data[freqs.index(freqs.max)] end |
#percentile(q, strategy = :midpoint) ⇒ Object Also known as: percentil
Returns the value of the percentile q
Accepts an optional second argument specifying the strategy to interpolate when the requested percentile lies between two data points a and b Valid strategies are:
-
:midpoint (Default): (a + b) / 2
-
:linear : a + (b - a) * d where d is the decimal part of the index between a and b.
References
This is the NIST recommended method (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentile#NIST_method)
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 223 def percentile(q, strategy = :midpoint) sorted = only_valid(:array).sort case strategy when :midpoint v = (n_valid * q).quo(100) if(v.to_i!=v) sorted[v.to_i] else (sorted[(v-0.5).to_i].to_f + sorted[(v+0.5).to_i]).quo(2) end when :linear index = (q / 100.0) * (n_valid + 1) k = index.truncate d = index % 1 if k == 0 sorted[0] elsif k >= sorted.size sorted[-1] else sorted[k - 1] + d * (sorted[k] - sorted[k - 1]) end else raise NotImplementedError.new "Unknown strategy #{strategy.to_s}" end end |
#product ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 16 def product @data.product end |
#proportion(value = 1) ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 135 def proportion value=1 frequencies[value].quo(n_valid).to_f end |
#proportions ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 90 def proportions len = n_valid frequencies.inject({}) { |hash, arr| hash[arr[0]] = arr[1] / len; hash } end |
#range ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 24 def range max - min end |
#ranked ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 95 def ranked sum = 0 r = frequencies.sort.inject( {} ) do |memo, val| memo[val[0]] = ((sum + 1) + (sum + val[1])).quo(2) sum += val[1] memo end recode { |e| r[e] } end |
#rolling(function, n = 10) ⇒ Daru::Vector
Calculate the rolling function for a loopback value.
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 407 def rolling function, n=10 Daru::Vector.new( [nil] * (n - 1) + (0..(size - n)).map do |i| Daru::Vector.new(@data[i...(i + n)]).send(function) end, index: @index ) end |
#rolling_count ⇒ Object
Calculate rolling non-missing count
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 440 [:count, :mean, :median, :max, :min, :sum, :std, :variance].each do |meth| define_method("rolling_#{meth}".to_sym) do |n=10| rolling(meth, n) end end |
#rolling_max ⇒ Object
Calculate rolling max value
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 440 [:count, :mean, :median, :max, :min, :sum, :std, :variance].each do |meth| define_method("rolling_#{meth}".to_sym) do |n=10| rolling(meth, n) end end |
#rolling_mean ⇒ Object
Calculate rolling average
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 440 [:count, :mean, :median, :max, :min, :sum, :std, :variance].each do |meth| define_method("rolling_#{meth}".to_sym) do |n=10| rolling(meth, n) end end |
#rolling_median ⇒ Object
Calculate rolling median
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 440 [:count, :mean, :median, :max, :min, :sum, :std, :variance].each do |meth| define_method("rolling_#{meth}".to_sym) do |n=10| rolling(meth, n) end end |
#rolling_min ⇒ Object
Calculate rolling min value
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 440 [:count, :mean, :median, :max, :min, :sum, :std, :variance].each do |meth| define_method("rolling_#{meth}".to_sym) do |n=10| rolling(meth, n) end end |
#rolling_std ⇒ Object
Calculate rolling standard deviation
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 440 [:count, :mean, :median, :max, :min, :sum, :std, :variance].each do |meth| define_method("rolling_#{meth}".to_sym) do |n=10| rolling(meth, n) end end |
#rolling_sum ⇒ Object
Calculate rolling sum
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 440 [:count, :mean, :median, :max, :min, :sum, :std, :variance].each do |meth| define_method("rolling_#{meth}".to_sym) do |n=10| rolling(meth, n) end end |
#rolling_variance ⇒ Object
Calculate rolling variance
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 440 [:count, :mean, :median, :max, :min, :sum, :std, :variance].each do |meth| define_method("rolling_#{meth}".to_sym) do |n=10| rolling(meth, n) end end |
#sample_with_replacement(sample = 1) ⇒ Object
Returns an random sample of size n, with replacement, only with non-nil data.
In all the trails, every item have the same probability of been selected.
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 333 def sample_with_replacement(sample=1) if @data.respond_to? :sample_with_replacement @data.sample_with_replacement sample else valid = missing_positions.empty? ? self : self.only_valid vds = valid.size (0...sample).collect{ valid[rand(vds)] } end end |
#sample_without_replacement(sample = 1) ⇒ Object
Returns an random sample of size n, without replacement, only with valid data.
Every element could only be selected once.
A sample of the same size of the vector is the vector itself.
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 349 def sample_without_replacement(sample=1) if @data.respond_to? :sample_without_replacement @data.sample_without_replacement sample else valid = missing_positions.empty? ? self : self.only_valid raise ArgumentError, "Sample size couldn't be greater than n" if sample > valid.size out = [] size = valid.size while out.size < sample value = rand(size) out.push(value) if !out.include?(value) end out.collect{|i| valid[i]} end end |
#skew(m = nil) ⇒ Object
Calculate skewness using (sigma(xi - mean)^3)/((N)*std_dev_sample^3)
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 185 def skew m=nil if @data.respond_to? :skew @data.skew else m ||= mean th = @data.inject(0) { |memo, val| memo + ((val - m)**3) } th.quo ((@size - @missing_positions.size) * (standard_deviation_sample(m)**3)) end end |
#standard_deviation_population(m = nil) ⇒ Object Also known as: sdp
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 166 def standard_deviation_population m=nil m ||= mean if @data.respond_to? :standard_deviation_population @data.standard_deviation_population(m) else Math::sqrt(variance_population(m)) end end |
#standard_deviation_sample(m = nil) ⇒ Object Also known as: sds, sd
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 175 def standard_deviation_sample m=nil m ||= mean if @data.respond_to? :standard_deviation_sample @data.standard_deviation_sample m else Math::sqrt(variance_sample(m)) end end |
#standard_error ⇒ Object Also known as: se
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 43 def standard_error standard_deviation_sample/(Math::sqrt((n_valid))) end |
#standardize(use_population = false) ⇒ Object
Standardize data.
Arguments
-
use_population - Pass as true if you want to use population
standard deviation instead of sample standard deviation.
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 280 def standardize use_population=false m ||= mean sd = use_population ? sdp : sds return Daru::Vector.new([nil]*@size) if m.nil? or sd == 0.0 vector_standardized_compute m, sd end |
#sum ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 12 def sum @data.sum end |
#sum_of_squared_deviation ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 47 def sum_of_squared_deviation (@data.inject(0) { |a,x| x.square + a } - (sum.square.quo(n_valid)).to_f).to_f end |
#sum_of_squares(m = nil) ⇒ Object Also known as: ss
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 159 def sum_of_squares(m=nil) m ||= mean @data.inject(0) { |memo, val| @missing_values.has_key?(val) ? memo : (memo + (val - m)**2) } end |
#value_counts ⇒ Object
Count number of occurences of each value in the Vector
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 126 def value_counts values = {} @data.each do |d| values[d] ? values[d] += 1 : values[d] = 1 end Daru::Vector.new(values) end |
#variance_population(m = nil) ⇒ Object
Population variance with denominator (N)
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 150 def variance_population m=nil m ||= mean if @data.respond_to? :variance_population @data.variance_population m else sum_of_squares(m).quo((n_valid)).to_f end end |
#variance_sample(m = nil) ⇒ Object Also known as: variance
Sample variance with denominator (N-1)
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 140 def variance_sample m=nil m ||= self.mean if @data.respond_to? :variance_sample @data.variance_sample m else sum_of_squares(m).quo((n_valid) - 1) end end |
#vector_centered_compute(m) ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 319 def vector_centered_compute(m) if @data.respond_to? :vector_centered_compute @data.vector_centered_compute(m) else Daru::Vector.new @data.collect { |x| x.nil? ? nil : x.to_f-m }, index: index, name: name, dtype: dtype end end |
#vector_percentile ⇒ Object
Replace each non-nil value in the vector with its percentile.
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 305 def vector_percentile c = size - missing_positions.size ranked.recode! { |i| i.nil? ? nil : (i.quo(c)*100).to_f } end |
#vector_standardized_compute(m, sd) ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/daru/maths/statistics/vector.rb', line 310 def vector_standardized_compute(m,sd) if @data.respond_to? :vector_standardized_compute @data.vector_standardized_compute(m,sd) else Daru::Vector.new @data.collect { |x| x.nil? ? nil : (x.to_f - m).quo(sd) }, index: index, name: name, dtype: dtype end end |