Top Level Namespace

Defined Under Namespace

Modules: Cfn Classes: AwsCfn, JsonObjectDSL, Namespace, Struct, Table, TemplateDSL

Constant Summary collapse

SPOT_PRICES_BY_INSTANCE_TYPE =

This list of prices was sourced from the on-demand prices current as of 12/3/2012. We expect the actual price we pay per instance to be roughly 1/10 the prices below.

{
    "m1.small"    => 0.065,
    "m1.medium"   => 0.130,
    "m1.large"    => 0.260,
    "m1.xlarge"   => 0.520,
    "m3.xlarge"   => 0.580,
    "m3.2xlarge"  => 1.160,
    "t1.micro"    => 0.020,
    "m2.xlarge"   => 0.450,
    "m2.2xlarge"  => 0.900,
    "m2.4xlarge"  => 1.800,
    "c1.medium"   => 0.165,
    "c1.xlarge"   => 0.660,
    "cc1.4xlarge" => 1.300,
    "cc2.8xlarge" => 2.400,
    "cg1.4xlarge" => 2.100,
    "hi1.4xlarge" => 3.100,
    "hs1.8xlarge" => 4.600,
    "cr1.8xlarge" => 4.000,
}

Instance Method Summary collapse

Instance Method Details

#aws_account_id ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 189

def () ref("AWS::AccountId") end

#aws_no_value ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 193

def aws_no_value() ref("AWS::NoValue") end

#aws_notification_arns ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 191

def aws_notification_arns() ref("AWS::NotificationARNs") end

#aws_stack_id ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 195

def aws_stack_id() ref("AWS::StackId") end

#aws_stack_name ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 197

def aws_stack_name() ref("AWS::StackName") end

#base64(value) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 143

def base64(value) { :'Fn::Base64' => value } end

#cfn(template) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/cfntemplate.rb', line 134

def cfn(template)
  aws_cfn = AwsCfn.new({:region => template.aws_region})
  cfn_client = aws_cfn.cfn_client

  action = validate_action( ARGV[0] )

  # Find parameters where extension attribute :Immutable is true then remove it from the
  # cfn template since we can't pass it to CloudFormation.
  immutable_parameters = template.excise_parameter_attribute!(:Immutable)

  # Tag CloudFormation stacks based on :Tags defined in the template.
  # Remove them from the template as well, so that the template is valid.
  cfn_tags = template.excise_tags!

  if action == 'diff' or (action == 'expand' and not template.nopretty)
    template_string = JSON.pretty_generate(template)
  else
    template_string = JSON.generate(template)
  end

  # Derive stack name from ARGV
  _, options = extract_options(ARGV[1..-1], %w(--nopretty), %w(--stack-name --region --parameters --tag))
  # If the first argument is not an option and stack_name is undefined, assume it's the stack name
  # The second argument, if present, is the resource name used by the describe-resource command
  if template.stack_name.nil?
    stack_name = options.shift if options[0] && !(/^-/ =~ options[0])
    resource_name = options.shift if options[0] && !(/^-/ =~ options[0])
  else
    stack_name = template.stack_name
  end

  case action
  when 'expand'
    # Write the pretty-printed JSON template to stdout and exit.  [--nopretty] option writes output with minimal whitespace
    # example: <template.rb> expand --parameters "Env=prod" --region eu-west-1 --nopretty
    if template.nopretty
      puts template_string
    else
      puts template_string
    end
    exit(true)

  when 'diff'
    # example: <template.rb> diff my-stack-name --parameters "Env=prod" --region eu-west-1
    # Diff the current template for an existing stack with the expansion of this template.

    # We default to "output nothing if no differences are found" to make it easy to use the output of the diff call from within other scripts
    # If you want output of the entire file, simply use this option with a large number, i.e., -U 10000
    # In fact, this is what Diffy does by default; we just don't want that, and we can't support passing arbitrary options to diff
    # because Diffy's "context" configuration is mutually exclusive with the configuration to pass arbitrary options to diff
    if !options.include? '-U'
      options.push('-U', '0')
    end

    # Ensure a stack name was provided
    if stack_name.empty?
      $stderr.puts "Error: a stack name is required"
      exit(false)
    end

    # describe the existing stack
    begin
      old_template_body = cfn_client.get_template({stack_name: stack_name}).template_body
    rescue Aws::CloudFormation::Errors::ValidationError => e
      $stderr.puts "Error: #{e}"
      exit(false)
    end

    # parse the string into a Hash, then convert back into a string; this is the only way Ruby JSON lets us pretty print a JSON string
    old_template   = JSON.pretty_generate(JSON.parse(old_template_body))
    # there is only ever one stack, since stack names are unique
    old_attributes = cfn_client.describe_stacks({stack_name: stack_name}).stacks[0]
    old_tags       = old_attributes.tags
    old_parameters = old_attributes.parameters

    # Sort the tag strings alphabetically to make them easily comparable
    old_tags_string = old_tags.map { |tag| %Q(TAG "#{tag.key}=#{tag.value}"\n) }.sort.join
    tags_string     = cfn_tags.map { |k, v| %Q(TAG "#{k.to_s}=#{v}"\n) }.sort.join

    # Sort the parameter strings alphabetically to make them easily comparable
    old_parameters_string = old_parameters.sort! {|pCurrent, pNext| pCurrent.parameter_key <=> pNext.parameter_key }.map { |param| %Q(PARAMETER "#{param.parameter_key}=#{param.parameter_value}"\n) }.join
    parameters_string     = template.parameters.sort.map { |key, value| "PARAMETER \"#{key}=#{value}\"\n" }.join

    # set default diff options
    Diffy::Diff.default_options.merge!(
      :diff    => "#{options.join(' ')}",
    )
    # set default diff output
    Diffy::Diff.default_format = :color

    tags_diff     = Diffy::Diff.new(old_tags_string, tags_string).to_s.strip!
    params_diff   = Diffy::Diff.new(old_parameters_string, parameters_string).to_s.strip!
    template_diff = Diffy::Diff.new(old_template, template_string).to_s.strip!

    if !tags_diff.empty?
      puts "====== Tags ======"
      puts tags_diff
      puts "=================="
      puts
    end

    if !params_diff.empty?
      puts "====== Parameters ======"
      puts params_diff
      puts "========================"
      puts
    end

    if !template_diff.empty?
      puts "====== Template ======"
      puts template_diff
      puts "======================"
      puts
    end

    exit(true)

  when 'validate'
    begin
      valid = cfn_client.validate_template({template_body: template_string})
      if valid.successful?
        puts "Validation successful"
        exit(true)
      end
    rescue Aws::CloudFormation::Errors::ValidationError => e
      $stderr.puts "Validation error: #{e}"
      exit(false)
    end

  when 'create'
    begin

      # default options (not overridable)
      create_stack_opts = {
          stack_name: stack_name,
          template_body: template_string,
          parameters: template.parameters.map { |k,v| {parameter_key: k, parameter_value: v}}.to_a,
          tags: cfn_tags.map { |k,v| {"key" => k.to_s, "value" => v} }.to_a,
          capabilities: ["CAPABILITY_IAM"],
      }

      # fill in options from the command line
      extra_options = parse_arg_array_as_hash(options)
      create_stack_opts = extra_options.merge(create_stack_opts)

      # create stack
      create_result = cfn_client.create_stack(create_stack_opts)
      if create_result.successful?
        puts create_result.stack_id
        exit(true)
      end
    rescue Aws::CloudFormation::Errors::ServiceError => e
      $stderr.puts "Failed to create stack: #{e}"
      exit(false)
    end

  when 'cancel-update'
    begin
      cancel_update_result = cfn_client.cancel_update_stack({stack_name: stack_name})
      if cancel_update_result.successful?
        $stderr.puts "Canceled updating stack #{stack_name}."
        exit(true)
      end
    rescue Aws::CloudFormation::Errors::ServiceError => e
      $stderr.puts "Failed to cancel updating stack: #{e}"
      exit(false)
    end

  when 'delete'
    begin
      if HighLine.agree("Really delete #{stack_name} in #{cfn_client.config.region}? [Y/n]")
        delete_result = cfn_client.delete_stack({stack_name: stack_name})
        if delete_result.successful?
          $stderr.puts "Deleted stack #{stack_name}."
          exit(true)
        end
      else
        $stderr.puts "Canceled deleting stack #{stack_name}."
        exit(true)
      end
      rescue Aws::CloudFormation::Errors::ServiceError => e
        $stderr.puts "Failed to delete stack: #{e}"
        exit(false)
    end

  when 'describe'
    begin
      describe_stack = cfn_client.describe_stacks({stack_name: stack_name})
      describe_stack_resources = cfn_client.describe_stack_resources({stack_name: stack_name})
      if describe_stack.successful? and describe_stack_resources.successful?
        stacks = {}
        stack_resources = {}
        describe_stack_resources.stack_resources.each { |stack_resource|
          if stack_resources[stack_resource.stack_name].nil?
            stack_resources[stack_resource.stack_name] = []
          end
          stack_resources[stack_resource.stack_name].push({
            logical_resource_id: stack_resource.logical_resource_id,
            physical_resource_id: stack_resource.physical_resource_id,
            resource_type: stack_resource.resource_type,
            timestamp: stack_resource.timestamp,
            resource_status: stack_resource.resource_status,
            resource_status_reason: stack_resource.resource_status_reason,
            description: stack_resource.description,
          })
        }
        describe_stack.stacks.each { |stack| stacks[stack.stack_name] = stack.to_map.merge!({resources: stack_resources[stack.stack_name]}) }
        unless template.nopretty
          puts JSON.pretty_generate(stacks)
        else
          puts JSON.generate(stacks)
        end
        exit(true)
      end
    rescue Aws::CloudFormation::Errors::ServiceError => e
      $stderr.puts "Failed describe stack #{stack_name}: #{e}"
      exit(false)
    end

  when 'describe-resource'
    begin
      describe_stack_resource = cfn_client.describe_stack_resource({
        stack_name: stack_name,
        logical_resource_id: resource_name,
      })
      if describe_stack_resource.successful?
        unless template.nopretty
          puts JSON.pretty_generate(describe_stack_resource.stack_resource_detail)
        else
          puts JSON.generate(describe_stack_resource.stack_resource_detail)
        end
        exit(true)
      end
    rescue Aws::CloudFormation::Errors::ServiceError => e
      $stderr.puts "Failed get stack resource details: #{e}"
      exit(false)
    end

  when 'get-template'
    begin
      get_template_result = cfn_client.get_template({stack_name: stack_name})
      template_body = JSON.parse(get_template_result.template_body)
      if get_template_result.successful?
        unless template.nopretty
          puts JSON.pretty_generate(template_body)
        else
          puts JSON.generate(template_body)
        end
        exit(true)
      end
    rescue Aws::CloudFormation::Errors::ServiceError => e
      $stderr.puts "Failed get stack template: #{e}"
      exit(false)
    end

  when 'update'

    # Run CloudFormation command to describe the existing stack
    old_stack = cfn_client.describe_stacks({stack_name: stack_name}).stacks

    # this might happen if, for example, stack_name is an empty string and the Cfn client returns ALL stacks
    if old_stack.length > 1
      $stderr.puts "Error: found too many stacks with this name. There should only be one."
      exit(false)
    else
      # grab the first (and only) result
      old_stack = old_stack[0]
    end

    # If updating a stack and some parameters are marked as immutable, fail if the new parameters don't match the old ones.
    if not immutable_parameters.empty?
      old_parameters = Hash[old_stack.parameters.map { |p| [p.parameter_key, p.parameter_value]}]
      new_parameters = template.parameters

      immutable_parameters.sort.each do |param|
        if old_parameters[param].to_s != new_parameters[param].to_s
          $stderr.puts "Error: unable to update immutable parameter " +
                           "'#{param}=#{old_parameters[param]}' to '#{param}=#{new_parameters[param]}'."
          exit(false)
        end
      end
    end

    # Tags are immutable in CloudFormation.  Validate against the existing stack to ensure tags haven't changed.
    # Compare the sorted arrays for an exact match
    old_cfn_tags = old_stack.tags.map { |p| [p.key.to_sym, p.value]}.sort
    cfn_tags_ary = cfn_tags.to_a.sort
    if cfn_tags_ary != old_cfn_tags
      $stderr.puts "CloudFormation stack tags do not match and cannot be updated. You must either use the same tags or create a new stack." +
                      "\n" + (old_cfn_tags - cfn_tags_ary).map {|tag| "< #{tag}" }.join("\n") +
                      "\n" + "---" +
                      "\n" + (cfn_tags_ary - old_cfn_tags).map {|tag| "> #{tag}"}.join("\n")
      exit(false)
    end

    # update the stack
    begin

      # default options (not overridable)
      update_stack_opts = {
          stack_name: stack_name,
          template_body: template_string,
          parameters: template.parameters.map { |k,v| {parameter_key: k, parameter_value: v}}.to_a,
          capabilities: ["CAPABILITY_IAM"],
      }

      # fill in options from the command line
      extra_options = parse_arg_array_as_hash(options)
      update_stack_opts = extra_options.merge(update_stack_opts)

      # update the stack
      update_result = cfn_client.update_stack(update_stack_opts)
      if update_result.successful?
        puts update_result.stack_id
        exit(true)
      end
    rescue Aws::CloudFormation::Errors::ServiceError => e
      $stderr.puts "Failed to update stack: #{e}"
      exit(false)
    end

  end
end

#default_region ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 51

def default_region
  ENV['EC2_REGION'] || ENV['AWS_DEFAULT_REGION'] || 'us-east-1'
end

#equal(one, two) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 161

def equal(one, two) { :'Fn::Equals' => [one, two] } end

#erb_template(filename, params = {}) ⇒ Object

Combines the provided ERB template with optional parameters



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 242

def erb_template(filename, params = {})
  ERB.new(file(filename), nil, '-').result(Namespace.new(params).get_binding)
end

#extract_options(args, opts_no_val, opts_1_val) ⇒ Object

extract options and arguments from a command line string

Example:

desired, unknown = extract_options(“arg1 –option withvalue –optionwithoutvalue”, %w(–option), %w())

puts desired => Array“–option”, “withvalue” puts unknown => Array{}

Parameters:

  • args —

    the Array of arguments (split the command line string by whitespace)

  • opts_no_val —

    the Array of options with no value, i.e., –force

  • opts_1_val —

    the Array of options with exaclty one value, i.e., –retries 3



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/cfntemplate.rb', line 477

def extract_options(args, opts_no_val, opts_1_val)
  args = args.clone
  opts = []
  rest = []
  while (arg = args.shift) != nil
    if opts_no_val.include?(arg)
      opts.push(arg)
    elsif opts_1_val.include?(arg)
      opts.push(arg)
      opts.push(arg) if (arg = args.shift) != nil
    else
      rest.push(arg)
    end
  end
  [opts, rest]
end

#file(filename) ⇒ Object

Read the specified file and return its value as a string literal



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 206

def file(filename) File.read(File.absolute_path(filename, File.dirname($PROGRAM_NAME))) end

#find_in_map(map, key, name) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 145

def find_in_map(map, key, name) { :'Fn::FindInMap' => [ map, key, name ] } end

#fn_and(*condition_list) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 173

def fn_and(*condition_list)
  case condition_list.length
    when 0..1 then raise "fn_and needs at least 2 items."
    when 2..10 then  { :'Fn::And' => condition_list }
    else raise "fn_and needs a list of 2-10 items that evaluate to true/false."
  end
end

#fn_if(cond, if_true, if_false) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 181

def fn_if(cond, if_true, if_false) { :'Fn::If' => [cond, if_true, if_false] } end

#fn_not(condition) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 163

def fn_not(condition) { :'Fn::Not' => [condition] } end

#fn_or(*condition_list) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 165

def fn_or(*condition_list)
  case condition_list.length
    when 0..1 then raise "fn_or needs at least 2 items."
    when 2..10 then  { :'Fn::Or' => condition_list }
    else raise "fn_or needs a list of 2-10 items that evaluate to true/false."
  end
end

#generate_json(data, pretty = true) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 10

def generate_json(data, pretty = true)
  # Raw formatting
  return JSON.generate(data) unless pretty

  # Pretty formatting
  JSON.pretty_generate(data)
end

#generate_template(template) ⇒ Object

Formats a template as JSON



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 6

def generate_template(template)
  format_json template, !template.nopretty
end

#get_att(resource, attribute) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 147

def get_att(resource, attribute) { :'Fn::GetAtt' => [ resource, attribute ] } end

#get_azs(region = '') ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 149

def get_azs(region = '') { :'Fn::GetAZs' => region } end

#interpolate(string, locals = {}) ⇒ Object

Interpolates a string like “NAME={ref(‘Service’)}” and returns a CloudFormation “Fn::Join” operation to collect the results. Anything between and } is interpreted as a Ruby expression and eval’d. This is especially useful with Ruby “here” documents. Local variables may also be exposed to the string via the ‘locals` hash.



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 212

def interpolate(string, locals={})
  list = []
  while string.length > 0
    head, match, string = string.partition(/\{\{.*?\}\}/)
    list << head if head.length > 0
    list << eval(match[2..-3], nil, 'interpolated string') if match.length > 0
  end

  # Split out strings in an array by newline, for visibility
  list = list.flat_map {|value| value.is_a?(String) ? value.lines.to_a : value }
  join('', *list)
end

#join(delim, *list) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 151

def join(delim, *list)
  case list.length
    when 0 then ''
    else join_list(delim,list)
  end
end

#join_interpolate(delim, string) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 225

def join_interpolate(delim, string)
  $stderr.puts "join_interpolate(delim,string) has been deprecated; use interpolate(string) instead"
  interpolate(string)
end

#join_list(delim, list) ⇒ Object

Variant of join that matches the native CFN syntax.



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 159

def join_list(delim, list) { :'Fn::Join' => [ delim, list ] } end

#no_value ⇒ Object

deprecated, for backward compatibility



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 200

def no_value()
    warn_deprecated('no_value()', 'aws_no_value()')
    aws_no_value()
end

#not_equal(one, two) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 183

def not_equal(one, two) fn_not(equal(one,two)) end

#parse_arg_array_as_hash(options) ⇒ Object

convert an array of option strings to a hash example input: [“–option”, “value”, “–optionwithnovalue”] example output: => “value”, :optionwithnovalue: true



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/cfntemplate.rb', line 497

def parse_arg_array_as_hash(options)
  result = {}
  options.slice_before(/\A--[a-zA-Z_-]\S/).each { |o|
      key = ((o[0].sub '--', '').gsub '-', '_').downcase.to_sym
      value = if o.length > 1 then o.drop(1) else true end
      value = value[0] if value.is_a?(Array) and value.length == 1
      result[key] = value
  }
  result
end

#parse_args ⇒ Object

Parse command-line arguments and return the parameters and region



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/cfntemplate.rb', line 71

def parse_args
  stack_name = nil
  parameters = {}
  region     = default_region
  nopretty   = false
  ARGV.slice_before(/^--/).each do |name, value|
    case name
    when '--stack-name'
      stack_name = value
    when '--parameters'
      parameters = Hash[value.split(/;/).map { |pair| pair.split(/=/, 2) }]  #/# fix for syntax highlighting
    when '--region'
      region = value
    when '--nopretty'
      nopretty = true
    end
  end
  [stack_name, parameters, region, nopretty]
end

#raw_template(parameters = {}, stack_name = nil, aws_region = default_region, nopretty = false, &block) ⇒ Object

Main entry point



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 47

def raw_template(parameters = {}, stack_name = nil, aws_region = default_region, nopretty = false, &block)
  TemplateDSL.new(parameters, stack_name, aws_region, nopretty, &block)
end

#ref(name) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 187

def ref(name) { :Ref => name } end

#select(index, list) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 185

def select(index, list) { :'Fn::Select' => [ index, list ] } end

#spot_price(spot_price_string, instance_type) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/spotprice.rb', line 38

def spot_price(spot_price_string, instance_type)
  case spot_price_string
    when 'false', '' then aws_no_value()
    when 'true' then spot_price_for_instance_type(instance_type)
    else spot_price_string
  end
end

#spot_price_for_instance_type(instance_type) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/spotprice.rb', line 46

def spot_price_for_instance_type(instance_type)
  # Add 10% to ensure that we have a small buffer against current spot prices increasing
  # to the on-demand prices, which theoretically could happen often.
  SPOT_PRICES_BY_INSTANCE_TYPE[instance_type] * 1.10
end

#template(&block) ⇒ Object

Main entry point



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/cfntemplate.rb', line 517

def template(&block)
  stack_name, parameters, aws_region, nopretty = parse_args
  raw_template(parameters, stack_name, aws_region, nopretty, &block)
end

#validate_action(action) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/cfntemplate.rb', line 91

def validate_action(action)
  valid = %w[
    expand
    diff
    validate
    create
    update
    cancel-update
    delete
    describe
    describe-resource
    get-template
  ]
  removed = %w[
    cfn-list-stack-resources
    cfn-list-stacks
  ]
  deprecated = {
    "cfn-validate-template"        => "validate",
    "cfn-create-stack"             => "create",
    "cfn-update-stack"             => "update",
    "cfn-cancel-update-stack"      => "cancel-update",
    "cfn-delete-stack"             => "delete",
    "cfn-describe-stack-events"    => "describe",
    "cfn-describe-stack-resources" => "describe",
    "cfn-describe-stack-resource"  => "describe-resource",
    "cfn-get-template"             => "get-template"
  }
  if deprecated.keys.include? action
    replacement = deprecated[action]
    $stderr.puts "WARNING: '#{action}' is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Please use '#{replacement}' instead."
    action = replacement
  end
  unless valid.include? action
    if removed.include? action
      $stderr.puts "ERROR: native command #{action} is no longer supported by cloudformation-ruby-dsl."
    end
    $stderr.puts "usage: #{$PROGRAM_NAME} <#{valid.join('|')}>"
    exit(2)
  end
  action
end

#warn_deprecated(old, new) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/cloudformation-ruby-dsl/dsl.rb', line 246

def warn_deprecated(old, new)
    $stderr.puts "Warning: '#{old}' has been deprecated.  Please update your template to use '#{new}' instead."
end