Class: Capybara::Session

Inherits:
Object
  • Object
show all
Includes:
SessionMatchers
Defined in:
lib/capybara/session.rb

Overview

The Session class represents a single user’s interaction with the system. The Session can use any of the underlying drivers. A session can be initialized manually like this:

session = Capybara::Session.new(:culerity, MyRackApp)

The application given as the second argument is optional. When running Capybara against an external page, you might want to leave it out:

session = Capybara::Session.new(:culerity)
session.visit('http://www.google.com')

Session provides a number of methods for controlling the navigation of the page, such as visit, +current_path, and so on. It also delegate a number of methods to a Capybara::Document, representing the current HTML document. This allows interaction:

session.fill_in('q', :with => 'Capybara')
session.click_button('Search')
expect(session).to have_content('Capybara')

When using capybara/dsl, the Session is initialized automatically for you.

Constant Summary collapse

NODE_METHODS = 
[
  :all, :first, :attach_file, :text, :check, :choose,
  :click_link_or_button, :click_button, :click_link, :field_labeled,
  :fill_in, :find, :find_all, :find_button, :find_by_id, :find_field, :find_link,
  :has_content?, :has_text?, :has_css?, :has_no_content?, :has_no_text?,
  :has_no_css?, :has_no_xpath?, :resolve, :has_xpath?, :select, :uncheck,
  :has_link?, :has_no_link?, :has_button?, :has_no_button?, :has_field?,
  :has_no_field?, :has_checked_field?, :has_unchecked_field?,
  :has_no_table?, :has_table?, :unselect, :has_select?, :has_no_select?,
  :has_selector?, :has_no_selector?, :click_on, :has_no_checked_field?,
  :has_no_unchecked_field?, :query, :assert_selector, :assert_no_selector,
  :refute_selector, :assert_text, :assert_no_text
]
DOCUMENT_METHODS =

This constant is part of a private API. You should avoid using this constant if possible, as it may be removed or be changed in the future. 

[
  :title, :assert_title, :assert_no_title, :has_title?, :has_no_title?
]
SESSION_METHODS = 
[
  :body, :html, :source, :current_url, :current_host, :current_path,
  :execute_script, :evaluate_script, :visit, :go_back, :go_forward,
  :within, :within_fieldset, :within_table, :within_frame, :current_window,
  :windows, :open_new_window, :switch_to_window, :within_window, :window_opened_by,
  :save_page, :save_and_open_page, :save_screenshot,
  :save_and_open_screenshot, :reset_session!, :response_headers,
  :status_code, :current_scope,
  :assert_current_path, :assert_no_current_path, :has_current_path?, :has_no_current_path?
] + DOCUMENT_METHODS
[
  :accept_alert, :accept_confirm, :dismiss_confirm, :accept_prompt,
  :dismiss_prompt
]
DSL_METHODS = 
NODE_METHODS + SESSION_METHODS + MODAL_METHODS

Instance Attribute Summary collapse

Instance Method Summary collapse

Methods included from SessionMatchers

#assert_current_path, #assert_no_current_path, #has_current_path?, #has_no_current_path?

Constructor Details

#initialize(mode, app = nil) ⇒ Session

Returns a new instance of Session.



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 67

def initialize(mode, app=nil)
  @mode = mode
  @app = app
  if Capybara.run_server and @app and driver.needs_server?
    @server = Capybara::Server.new(@app).boot
  else
    @server = nil
  end
  @touched = false
end

Instance Attribute Details

#app ⇒ Object (readonly)

Returns the value of attribute app.



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 64

def app
  @app
end

#mode ⇒ Object (readonly)

Returns the value of attribute mode.



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 64

def mode
  @mode
end

#server ⇒ Object (readonly)

Returns the value of attribute server.



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 64

def server
  @server
end

#synchronized ⇒ Object

Returns the value of attribute synchronized.



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 65

def synchronized
  @synchronized
end

Instance Method Details

#accept_alert(text, options = {}, &blk) ⇒ String #accept_alert(options = {}, &blk) ⇒ String

Execute the block, accepting a alert.

Overloads:

  • #accept_alert(text, options = {}, &blk) ⇒ String

    Parameters:

    • text (String, Regexp) —

      Text or regex to match against the text in the modal. If not provided any modal is matched

Parameters:

  • options (Hash) (defaults to: {}) —

    a customizable set of options

Options Hash (options):

  • :wait (Numeric) —

    How long to wait for the modal to appear after executing the block.

Returns:

  • (String) —

    the message shown in the modal

Raises:



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 554

def accept_alert(text_or_options=nil, options={}, &blk)
  if text_or_options.is_a? Hash
    options=text_or_options
  else
    options[:text]=text_or_options
  end

  driver.accept_modal(:alert, options, &blk)
end

#accept_confirm(text, options = {}, &blk) ⇒ String #accept_confirm(options = {}, &blk) ⇒ String

Execute the block, accepting a confirm.

Overloads:

  • #accept_confirm(text, options = {}, &blk) ⇒ String

    Parameters:

    • text (String, Regexp) —

      Text or regex to match against the text in the modal. If not provided any modal is matched

Parameters:

  • options (Hash) (defaults to: {}) —

    a customizable set of options

Options Hash (options):

  • :wait (Numeric) —

    How long to wait for the modal to appear after executing the block.

Returns:

  • (String) —

    the message shown in the modal

Raises:



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 570

def accept_confirm(text_or_options=nil, options={}, &blk)
  if text_or_options.is_a? Hash
    options=text_or_options
  else
    options[:text]=text_or_options
  end

  driver.accept_modal(:confirm, options, &blk)
end

#accept_prompt(text, options = {}, &blk) ⇒ String #accept_prompt(options = {}, &blk) ⇒ String

Execute the block, accepting a prompt, optionally responding to the prompt.

Overloads:

  • #accept_prompt(text, options = {}, &blk) ⇒ String

    Parameters:

    • text (String, Regexp) —

      Text or regex to match against the text in the modal. If not provided any modal is matched

Parameters:

  • options (Hash) (defaults to: {}) —

    a customizable set of options

Options Hash (options):

  • :wait (Numeric) —

    How long to wait for the modal to appear after executing the block.

  • :with (String) —

    Response to provide to the prompt

Returns:

  • (String) —

    the message shown in the modal

Raises:



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 603

def accept_prompt(text_or_options=nil, options={}, &blk)
  if text_or_options.is_a? Hash
    options=text_or_options
  else
    options[:text]=text_or_options
  end

  driver.accept_modal(:prompt, options, &blk)
end

#current_host ⇒ String

Returns Host of the current page.

Returns:

  • (String) —

    Host of the current page



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 170

def current_host
  uri = URI.parse(current_url)
  "#{uri.scheme}://#{uri.host}" if uri.host
end

#current_path ⇒ String

Returns Path of the current page, without any domain information.

Returns:

  • (String) —

    Path of the current page, without any domain information



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 161

def current_path
  path = URI.parse(current_url).path
  path if path and not path.empty?
end

#current_scope ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 712

def current_scope
  scopes.last || document
end

#current_url ⇒ String

Returns Fully qualified URL of the current page.

Returns:

  • (String) —

    Fully qualified URL of the current page



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 179

def current_url
  driver.current_url
end

#current_window ⇒ Capybara::Window

Returns current window.

Returns:



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 342

def current_window
  Window.new(self, driver.current_window_handle)
end

#dismiss_confirm(text, options = {}, &blk) ⇒ String #dismiss_confirm(options = {}, &blk) ⇒ String

Execute the block, dismissing a confirm.

Overloads:

  • #dismiss_confirm(text, options = {}, &blk) ⇒ String

    Parameters:

    • text (String, Regexp) —

      Text or regex to match against the text in the modal. If not provided any modal is matched

Parameters:

  • options (Hash) (defaults to: {}) —

    a customizable set of options

Options Hash (options):

  • :wait (Numeric) —

    How long to wait for the modal to appear after executing the block.

Returns:

  • (String) —

    the message shown in the modal

Raises:



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 586

def dismiss_confirm(text_or_options=nil, options={}, &blk)
  if text_or_options.is_a? Hash
    options=text_or_options
  else
    options[:text]=text_or_options
  end

  driver.dismiss_modal(:confirm, options, &blk)
end

#dismiss_prompt(text, options = {}, &blk) ⇒ String #dismiss_prompt(options = {}, &blk) ⇒ String

Execute the block, dismissing a prompt.

Overloads:

  • #dismiss_prompt(text, options = {}, &blk) ⇒ String

    Parameters:

    • text (String, Regexp) —

      Text or regex to match against the text in the modal. If not provided any modal is matched

Parameters:

  • options (Hash) (defaults to: {}) —

    a customizable set of options

Options Hash (options):

  • :wait (Numeric) —

    How long to wait for the modal to appear after executing the block.

Returns:

  • (String) —

    the message shown in the modal

Raises:



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 619

def dismiss_prompt(text_or_options=nil, options={}, &blk)
  if text_or_options.is_a? Hash
    options=text_or_options
  else
    options[:text]=text_or_options
  end

  driver.dismiss_modal(:prompt, options, &blk)
end

#document ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 691

def document
  @document ||= Capybara::Node::Document.new(self, driver)
end

#driver ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 78

def driver
  @driver ||= begin
    unless Capybara.drivers.has_key?(mode)
      other_drivers = Capybara.drivers.keys.map { |key| key.inspect }
      raise Capybara::DriverNotFoundError, "no driver called #{mode.inspect} was found, available drivers: #{other_drivers.join(', ')}"
    end
    Capybara.drivers[mode].call(app)
  end
end

#evaluate_script(script) ⇒ Object

Evaluate the given JavaScript and return the result. Be careful when using this with scripts that return complex objects, such as jQuery statements. execute_script might be a better alternative.

Parameters:

  • script (String) —

    A string of JavaScript to evaluate

Returns:

  • (Object) —

    The result of the evaluated JavaScript (may be driver specific)



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 537

def evaluate_script(script)
  @touched = true
  driver.evaluate_script(script)
end

#execute_script(script) ⇒ Object

Execute the given script, not returning a result. This is useful for scripts that return complex objects, such as jQuery statements. execute_script should be used over evaluate_script whenever possible.

Parameters:

  • script (String) —

    A string of JavaScript to execute



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 523

def execute_script(script)
  @touched = true
  driver.execute_script(script)
end

#go_back ⇒ Object

Move back a single entry in the browser’s history.



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 239

def go_back
  driver.go_back
end

#go_forward ⇒ Object

Move forward a single entry in the browser’s history.



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 247

def go_forward
  driver.go_forward
end

#html ⇒ String Also known as: body, source

Returns A snapshot of the DOM of the current document, as it looks right now (potentially modified by JavaScript).

Returns:

  • (String) —

    A snapshot of the DOM of the current document, as it looks right now (potentially modified by JavaScript).



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 151

def html
  driver.html
end

#inspect ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 708

def inspect
  %(#<Capybara::Session>)
end

#open_new_window ⇒ Capybara::Window

Open new window. Current window doesn’t change as the result of this call. It should be switched to explicitly.

Returns:



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 366

def open_new_window
  window_opened_by do
    driver.open_new_window
  end
end

#raise_server_error! ⇒ Object

Raise errors encountered in the server



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 121

def raise_server_error!
  raise @server.error if Capybara.raise_server_errors and @server and @server.error
ensure
  @server.reset_error! if @server
end

#reset! ⇒ Object Also known as: cleanup!, reset_session!

Reset the session (i.e. remove cookies and navigate to blank page)

This method does not:

* accept modal dialogs if they are present (Selenium driver now does, others may not)
* clear browser cache/HTML 5 local storage/IndexedDB/Web SQL database/etc.
* modify state of the driver/underlying browser in any other way

as doing so will result in performance downsides and it’s not needed to do everything from the list above for most apps.

If you want to do anything from the list above on a general basis you can:

* write RSpec/Cucumber/etc. after hook
* monkeypatch this method
* use Ruby's `prepend` method



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 106

def reset!
  if @touched
    driver.reset!
    assert_no_selector :xpath, "/html/body/*" if driver.browser_initialized?
    @touched = false
  end
  raise_server_error!
end

#response_headers ⇒ Hash{String => String}

Returns a hash of response headers. Not supported by all drivers (e.g. Selenium)

Returns:

  • (Hash{String => String}) —

    A hash of response headers.



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 133

def response_headers
  driver.response_headers
end

#save_and_open_page(path = nil) ⇒ Object

Save a snapshot of the page and open it in a browser for inspection.

If invoked without arguments it will save file to ‘Capybara.save_and_open_page_path`

and file will be given randomly generated filename.

Parameters:

  • path (String) (defaults to: nil) —

    the path to where it should be saved



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 655

def save_and_open_page(path = nil)
  path = save_page(path)
  open_file(path)
end

#save_and_open_screenshot(path = nil, options = {}) ⇒ Object

Save a screenshot of the page and open it for inspection.

If invoked without ‘path` argument it will save file to `Capybara.save_and_open_page_path`

and file will be given randomly generated filename.

Parameters:

  • path (String) (defaults to: nil) —

    the path to where it should be saved

  • options (Hash) (defaults to: {}) —

    a customizable set of options



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 686

def save_and_open_screenshot(path = nil, options = {})
  path = save_screenshot(path, options)
  open_file(path)
end

#save_page(path = nil) ⇒ String

Save a snapshot of the page. If ‘Capybara.asset_host` is set it will inject `base` tag

pointing to `asset_host`.

If invoked without arguments it will save file to ‘Capybara.save_and_open_page_path`

and file will be given randomly generated filename.

Parameters:

  • path (String) (defaults to: nil) —

    the path to where it should be saved

Returns:

  • (String) —

    the path to which the file was saved



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 640

def save_page(path = nil)
  path = prepare_path(path, 'html')
  File.write(path, Capybara::Helpers.inject_asset_host(body), mode: 'wb')
  path
end

#save_screenshot(path = nil, options = {}) ⇒ String

Save a screenshot of page.

If invoked without ‘path` argument it will save file to `Capybara.save_and_open_page_path`

and file will be given randomly generated filename.

Parameters:

  • path (String) (defaults to: nil) —

    the path to where it should be saved

  • options (Hash) (defaults to: {}) —

    a customizable set of options

Returns:

  • (String) —

    the path to which the file was saved



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 670

def save_screenshot(path = nil, options = {})
  path = prepare_path(path, 'png')
  driver.save_screenshot(path, options)
  path
end

#status_code ⇒ Integer

Returns the current HTTP status code as an Integer. Not supported by all drivers (e.g. Selenium)

Returns:

  • (Integer) —

    Current HTTP status code



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 143

def status_code
  driver.status_code
end

#switch_to_window(&block) ⇒ Capybara::Window #switch_to_window(window) ⇒ Capybara::Window

Returns window that has been switched to.

Overloads:

  • #switch_to_window(&block) ⇒ Capybara::Window

    Switches to the first window for which given block returns a value other than false or nil. If window that matches block can’t be found, the window will be switched back and ‘WindowError` will be raised.

    Examples:

    window = switch_to_window { title == 'Page title' }

    Raises:

  • #switch_to_window(window) ⇒ Capybara::Window

    Parameters:

    Raises:

Returns:

Raises:

  • (Capybara::ScopeError) —

    if this method is invoked inside ‘within`, `within_frame` or `within_window` methods

  • (ArgumentError) —

    if both or neither arguments were provided



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 388

def switch_to_window(window = nil, options= {})
  if window.is_a? Hash
    options = window
    window = nil
  end
  block_given = block_given?
  if window && block_given
    raise ArgumentError, "`switch_to_window` can take either a block or a window, not both"
  elsif !window && !block_given
    raise ArgumentError, "`switch_to_window`: either window or block should be provided"
  elsif scopes.size > 1
    raise Capybara::ScopeError, "`switch_to_window` is not supposed to be invoked from "\
                                "`within`'s, `within_frame`'s' or `within_window`'s' block."
  end

  if window
    driver.switch_to_window(window.handle)
    window
  else
    wait_time = Capybara::Query.new(options).wait
    document.synchronize(wait_time, errors: [Capybara::WindowError]) do
      original_window_handle = driver.current_window_handle
      begin
        driver.window_handles.each do |handle|
          driver.switch_to_window handle
          if yield
            return Window.new(self, handle)
          end
        end
      rescue => e
        driver.switch_to_window(original_window_handle)
        raise e
      else
        driver.switch_to_window(original_window_handle)
        raise Capybara::WindowError, "Could not find a window matching block/lambda"
      end
    end
  end
end

#visit(url) ⇒ Object

Navigate to the given URL. The URL can either be a relative URL or an absolute URL The behaviour of either depends on the driver.

session.visit('/foo')
session.visit('http://google.com')

For drivers which can run against an external application, such as the selenium driver giving an absolute URL will navigate to that page. This allows testing applications running on remote servers. For these drivers, setting Capybara.app_host will make the remote server the default. For example:

Capybara.app_host = 'http://google.com'
session.visit('/') # visits the google homepage

If Capybara.always_include_port is set to true and this session is running against a rack application, then the port that the rack application is running on will automatically be inserted into the URL. Supposing the app is running on port ‘4567`, doing something like:

visit("http://google.com/test")

Will actually navigate to ‘google.com:4567/test`.

Parameters:

  • url (#to_s) —

    The URL to navigate to. The parameter will be cast to a String.



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 209

def visit(url)
  raise_server_error!

  url = url.to_s
  @touched = true

  url_relative = URI.parse(url).scheme.nil?

  if url_relative && Capybara.app_host
    url = Capybara.app_host + url
    url_relative = false
  end

  if @server
    url = "http://#{@server.host}:#{@server.port}" + url if url_relative

    if Capybara.always_include_port
      uri = URI.parse(url)
      uri.port = @server.port if uri.port == uri.default_port
      url = uri.to_s
    end
  end

  driver.visit(url)
end

#window_opened_by(options = {}, &block) ⇒ Capybara::Window

Get the window that has been opened by the passed block. It will wait for it to be opened (in the same way as other Capybara methods wait). It’s better to use this method than ‘windows.last` as order of windows isn’t defined in some drivers

Parameters:

  • options (Hash) (defaults to: {})

Options Hash (options):

  • :wait (Numeric) — default: Capybara.default_max_wait_time —

    maximum wait time

Returns:

Raises:

  • (Capybara::WindowError) —

    if block passed to window hasn’t opened window or opened more than one window



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 500

def window_opened_by(options = {}, &block)
  old_handles = driver.window_handles
  block.call

  wait_time = Capybara::Query.new(options).wait
  document.synchronize(wait_time, errors: [Capybara::WindowError]) do
    opened_handles = (driver.window_handles - old_handles)
    if opened_handles.size != 1
      raise Capybara::WindowError, "block passed to #window_opened_by "\
                                   "opened #{opened_handles.size} windows instead of 1"
    end
    Window.new(self, opened_handles.first)
  end
end

#windows ⇒ Array<Capybara::Window>

Get all opened windows. The order of windows in returned array is not defined. The driver may sort windows by their creation time but it’s not required.

Returns:



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 353

def windows
  driver.window_handles.map do |handle|
    Window.new(self, handle)
  end
end

#within(*find_args) ⇒ Object #within(a_node) ⇒ Object

Executes the given block within the context of a node. ‘within` takes the same options as `find`, as well as a block. For the duration of the block, any command to Capybara will be handled as though it were scoped to the given element.

within(:xpath, '//div[@id="delivery-address"]') do
  fill_in('Street', :with => '12 Main Street')
end

Just as with ‘find`, if multiple elements match the selector given to `within`, an error will be raised, and just as with `find`, this behaviour can be controlled through the `:match` and `:exact` options.

It is possible to omit the first parameter, in that case, the selector is assumed to be of the type set in Capybara.default_selector.

within('div#delivery-address') do
  fill_in('Street', :with => '12 Main Street')
end

Note that a lot of uses of ‘within` can be replaced more succinctly with chaining:

find('div#delivery-address').fill_in('Street', :with => '12 Main Street')

Overloads:

  • #within(a_node) ⇒ Object

    Parameters:

Raises:



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 286

def within(*args)
  new_scope = if args.first.is_a?(Capybara::Node::Base) then args.first else find(*args) end
  begin
    scopes.push(new_scope)
    yield
  ensure
    scopes.pop
  end
end

#within_fieldset(locator) ⇒ Object

Execute the given block within the a specific fieldset given the id or legend of that fieldset.

Parameters:

  • locator (String) —

    Id or legend of the fieldset



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 302

def within_fieldset(locator)
  within :fieldset, locator do
    yield
  end
end

#within_frame(index) ⇒ Object #within_frame(name) ⇒ Object

Execute the given block within the given iframe using given frame name or index. May be supported by not all drivers. Drivers that support it, may provide additional options.

Overloads:

  • #within_frame(index) ⇒ Object

    Parameters:

    • index (Integer) —

      index of a frame

  • #within_frame(name) ⇒ Object

    Parameters:

    • name (String) —

      name of a frame



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 330

def within_frame(frame_handle)
  scopes.push(nil)
  driver.within_frame(frame_handle) do
    yield
  end
ensure
  scopes.pop
end

#within_table(locator) ⇒ Object

Execute the given block within the a specific table given the id or caption of that table.

Parameters:

  • locator (String) —

    Id or caption of the table



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 314

def within_table(locator)
  within :table, locator do
    yield
  end
end

#within_window(window) ⇒ Object #within_window(proc_or_lambda) ⇒ Object #within_window(string) ⇒ Object

This method does the following:

  1. Switches to the given window (it can be located by window instance/lambda/string).

  2. Executes the given block (within window located at previous step).

  3. Switches back (this step will be invoked even if exception will happen at second step)

Overloads:

  • #within_window(window) ⇒ Object

    Parameters:

    • window (Capybara::Window) —

      instance of ‘Capybara::Window` class that will be switched to

    Raises:

    • (driver#no_such_window_error) —

      if unexistent (e.g. closed) window was passed

  • #within_window(proc_or_lambda) ⇒ Object

    Examples:

    within_window(->{ page.title == 'Page title' }) { click_button 'Submit' }

    Parameters:

    • lambda (Proc) —

      lambda. First window for which lambda returns a value other than false or nil will be switched to.

    Raises:

  • #within_window(string) ⇒ Object
    Deprecated.

    Pass window or lambda instead

    Parameters:

    • handle, (String) —

      name, url or title of the window

Returns:

  • value returned by the block

Raises:

  • (Capybara::ScopeError) —

    if this method is invoked inside ‘within`, `within_frame` or `within_window` methods



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# File 'lib/capybara/session.rb', line 453

def within_window(window_or_handle)
  if window_or_handle.instance_of?(Capybara::Window)
    original = current_window
    switch_to_window(window_or_handle) unless original == window_or_handle
    scopes << nil
    begin
      yield
    ensure
      @scopes.pop
      switch_to_window(original) unless original == window_or_handle
    end
  elsif window_or_handle.is_a?(Proc)
    original = current_window
    switch_to_window { window_or_handle.call }
    scopes << nil
    begin
      yield
    ensure
      @scopes.pop
      switch_to_window(original)
    end
  else
    offending_line = caller.first
    file_line = offending_line.match(/^(.+?):(\d+)/)[0]
    warn "DEPRECATION WARNING: Passing string argument to #within_window is deprecated. "\
         "Pass window object or lambda. (called from #{file_line})"
    begin
      scopes << nil
      driver.within_window(window_or_handle) { yield }
    ensure
      @scopes.pop
    end
  end
end