Class: ActiveRecord::Base
- Inherits:
-
Object
- Object
- ActiveRecord::Base
- Includes:
- ClassInheritableAttributes
- Defined in:
- lib/active_record/base.rb,
lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
Overview
Active Record objects doesn’t specify their attributes directly, but rather infer them from the table definition with which they’re linked. Adding, removing, and changing attributes and their type is done directly in the database. Any change is instantly reflected in the Active Record objects. The mapping that binds a given Active Record class to a certain database table will happen automatically in most common cases, but can be overwritten for the uncommon ones.
See the mapping rules in table_name and the full example in files/README.html for more insight.
Creation
Active Records accepts constructor parameters either in a hash or as a block. The hash method is especially useful when you’re receiving the data from somewhere else, like a HTTP request. It works like this:
user = User.new("name" => "David", "occupation" => "Code Artist")
user.name # => "David"
You can also use block initialization:
user = User.new do |u|
u.name = "David"
u.occupation = "Code Artist"
end
And of course you can just create a bare object and specify the attributes after the fact:
user = User.new
user.name = "David"
user.occupation = "Code Artist"
Conditions
Conditions can either be specified as a string or an array representing the WHERE-part of an SQL statement. The array form is to be used when the condition input is tainted and requires sanitization. The string form can be used for statements that doesn’t involve tainted data. Examples:
User < ActiveRecord::Base
def self.authenticate_unsafely(user_name, password)
find_first("user_name = '#{user_name}' AND password = '#{password}'")
end
def self.authenticate_safely(user_name, password)
find_first([ "user_name = '%s' AND password = '%s'", user_name, password ])
end
end
The authenticate_unsafely
method inserts the parameters directly into the query and is thus susceptible to SQL-injection attacks if the user_name
and password
parameters come directly from a HTTP request. The authenticate_safely
method, on the other hand, will sanitize the user_name
and password
before inserting them in the query, which will ensure that an attacker can’t escape the query and fake the login (or worse).
Overwriting default accessors
All column values are automatically available through basic accessors on the Active Record object, but some times you want to specialize this behavior. This can be done by either by overwriting the default accessors (using the same name as the attribute) calling read_attribute(attr_name) and write_attribute(attr_name, value) to actually change things. Example:
class Song < ActiveRecord::Base
# Uses an integer of seconds to hold the length of the song
def length=(minutes)
write_attribute("length", minutes * 60)
end
def length
read_attribute("length") / 60
end
end
Saving arrays, hashes, and other non-mappeable objects in text columns
Active Record can serialize any object in text columns using YAML. To do so, you must specify this with a call to the class method serialize
. This makes it possible to store arrays, hashes, and other non-mappeable objects without doing any additional work. Example:
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
serialize :preferences
end
user = User.create("preferences" => { "background" => "black", "display" => large })
User.find(user.id).preferences # => { "background" => "black", "display" => large }
You can also specify an optional :class_name option that’ll raise an exception if a serialized object is retrieved as a descendent of a class not in the hierarchy. Example:
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
serialize :preferences, :class_name => "Hash"
end
user = User.create("preferences" => %w( one two three ))
User.find(user.id).preferences # => raises SerializationTypeMismatch
Single table inheritance
Active Record allows inheritance by storing the name of the class in a column that by default is called “type” (can be changed by overwriting Base.inheritance_column
). This means that an inheritance looking like this:
class Company < ActiveRecord::Base; end
class Firm < Company; end
class Client < Company; end
class PriorityClient < Client; end
When you do Firm.create(“name” => “37signals”), this record with be saved in the companies table with type = “Firm”. You can then fetch this row again using Company.find_first “name = ‘37signals’” and it will return a Firm object.
Note, all the attributes for all the cases are kept in the same table. Read more: www.martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/singleTableInheritance.html
Connection to multiple databases in different models
Connections are usually created through ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection and retrieved by ActiveRecord::Base.connection. All classes inheriting from ActiveRecord::Base will use this connection. But you can also set a class-specific connection. For example, if Course is a ActiveRecord::Base, but resides in a different database you can just say Course.establish_connection and Course *and all its subclasses* will use this connection instead.
This feature is implemented by keeping a connection pool in ActiveRecord::Base that is a Hash indexed by the class. If a connection is requested, the retrieve_connection method will go up the class-hierarchy until a connection is found in the connection pool.
Exceptions
-
ActiveRecordError
– generic error class and superclass of all other errors raised by Active Record -
AdapterNotSpecified
– the configuration hash used inestablish_connection
didn’t include a:adapter
key. -
AdapterNotSpecified
– the:adapter
key used inestablish_connection
specified an unexisting adapter (or a bad spelling of an existing one). -
AssociationTypeMismatch
– the object assigned to the association wasn’t of the type specified in the association definition. -
SerializationTypeMismatch
– the object serialized wasn’t of the class specified in the:class_name
option of the serialize definition. -
ConnectionNotEstablished
– no connection has been established. Useestablish_connection
before querying. -
RecordNotFound
– no record responded to the find* method. Either the row with the given ID doesn’t exist or the row didn’t meet the additional restrictions. -
StatementInvalid
– the database server rejected the SQL statement. The precise error is added in the message. Either the record with the given ID doesn’t exist or the record didn’t meet the additional restrictions.
Note: The attributes listed are class-level attributes (accessible from both the class and instance level). So it’s possible to assign a logger to the class through Base.logger= which will then be used by all instances in the current object space.
Defined Under Namespace
Classes: ConnectionSpecification
Constant Summary collapse
- @@subclasses =
{}
- @@primary_key_prefix_type =
nil
- @@table_name_prefix =
""
- @@table_name_suffix =
""
- @@pluralize_table_names =
true
- @@defined_connections =
The class -> [adapter_method, config] map
{}
Class Method Summary collapse
-
.accessible_attributes ⇒ Object
Returns an array of all the attributes that have been made accessible to mass-assigment.
-
.attr_accessible(*attributes) ⇒ Object
If this macro is used, only those attributed named in it will be accessible for mass-assignment, such as
new(attributes)
andattributes=(attributes)
. -
.attr_protected(*attributes) ⇒ Object
Attributes named in this macro are protected from mass-assignment, such as
new(attributes)
andattributes=(attributes)
. -
.benchmark(title) ⇒ Object
Used to aggregate logging and benchmark, so you can measure and represent multiple statements in a single block.
-
.class_name(table_name = table_name) ⇒ Object
Turns the
table_name
back into a class name following the reverse rules oftable_name
. -
.columns ⇒ Object
Returns an array of column objects for the table associated with this class.
-
.columns_hash ⇒ Object
Returns an array of column objects for the table associated with this class.
-
.connected? ⇒ Boolean
Returns true if a connection that’s accessible to this class have already been opened.
-
.connection ⇒ Object
Returns the connection currently associated with the class.
-
.connection=(spec) ⇒ Object
Set the connection for the class.
-
.content_columns ⇒ Object
Returns an array of columns objects where the primary id, all columns ending in “_id” or “_count”, and columns used for single table inheritance has been removed.
-
.count(conditions = nil) ⇒ Object
Returns the number of records that meets the
conditions
. -
.count_by_sql(sql) ⇒ Object
Returns the result of an SQL statement that should only include a COUNT(*) in the SELECT part.
-
.create(attributes = nil) ⇒ Object
Creates an object, instantly saves it as a record (if the validation permits it), and returns it.
-
.decrement_counter(counter_name, id) ⇒ Object
Works like increment_counter, but decrements instead.
-
.delete_all(conditions = nil) ⇒ Object
Deletes all the records that matches the
condition
without instantiating the objects first (and hence not calling the destroy method). -
.descents_from_active_record? ⇒ Boolean
:nodoc:.
-
.destroy_all(conditions = nil) ⇒ Object
Destroys the objects for all the records that matches the
condition
by instantiating each object and calling the destroy method. -
.establish_connection(spec) ⇒ Object
Establishes the connection to the database.
-
.find(*ids) ⇒ Object
Returns objects for the records responding to either a specific id (1), a list of ids (1, 5, 6) or an array of ids.
-
.find_all(conditions = nil, orderings = nil, limit = nil, joins = nil) ⇒ Object
Returns an array of all the objects that could be instantiated from the associated table in the database.
-
.find_by_sql(sql) ⇒ Object
Works like find_all, but requires a complete SQL string.
-
.find_first(conditions = nil, orderings = nil) ⇒ Object
Returns the object for the first record responding to the conditions in
conditions
, such as “group = ‘master’”. -
.find_on_conditions(id, conditions) ⇒ Object
Works like find, but the record matching
id
must also meet theconditions
. -
.human_attribute_name(attribute_key_name) ⇒ Object
Transforms attribute key names into a more humane format, such as “First name” instead of “first_name”.
-
.increment_counter(counter_name, id) ⇒ Object
Increments the specified counter by one.
-
.inheritance_column ⇒ Object
Defines the column name for use with single table inheritance – can be overridden in subclasses.
-
.inherited(child) ⇒ Object
:nodoc:.
-
.primary_key ⇒ Object
Defines the primary key field – can be overridden in subclasses.
-
.protected_attributes ⇒ Object
Returns an array of all the attributes that have been protected from mass-assigment.
-
.remove_connection(klass = self) ⇒ Object
Remove the connection for this class.
-
.retrieve_connection ⇒ Object
Locate the connection of the nearest super class.
-
.sanitize(object) ⇒ Object
Used to sanitize objects before they’re used in an SELECT SQL-statement.
-
.serialize(attr_name, class_name = Object) ⇒ Object
Specifies that the attribute by the name of
attr_name
should be serialized before saving to the database and unserialized after loading from the database. -
.serialized_attributes ⇒ Object
Returns a hash of all the attributes that have been specified for serialization as keys and their class restriction as values.
-
.symbolize_strings_in_hash(hash) ⇒ Object
Converts all strings in a hash to symbols.
-
.table_name(class_name = nil) ⇒ Object
Guesses the table name (in forced lower-case) based on the name of the class in the inheritance hierarchy descending directly from ActiveRecord.
-
.update(id, attributes) ⇒ Object
Finds the record from the passed
id
, instantly saves it with the passedattributes
(if the validation permits it), and returns it. -
.update_all(updates, conditions = nil) ⇒ Object
Updates all records with the SET-part of an SQL update statement in
updates
.
Instance Method Summary collapse
-
#==(comparison_object) ⇒ Object
Returns true if the
comparison_object
is of the same type and has the same id. -
#[](attr_name) ⇒ Object
Returns the value of attribute identified by
attr_name
after it has been type cast (for example, “2004-12-12” in a data column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)). -
#[]=(attr_name, value) ⇒ Object
Updates the attribute identified by
attr_name
with the specifiedvalue
. -
#attribute_names ⇒ Object
Returns an array of names for the attributes available on this object sorted alphabetically.
-
#attribute_present?(attribute) ⇒ Boolean
Returns true if the specified
attribute
has been set by the user or by a database load and is neither nil nor empty? (the latter only applies to objects that responds to empty?, most notably Strings). -
#attributes=(attributes) ⇒ Object
Allows you to set all the attributes at once by passing in a hash with keys matching the attribute names (which again matches the column names).
-
#clone ⇒ Object
Returns a clone of the record that hasn’t been assigned an id yet and is treated as a new record.
-
#column_for_attribute(name) ⇒ Object
Returns the column object for the named attribute.
-
#connection ⇒ Object
Returns the connection currently associated with the class.
-
#destroy ⇒ Object
Deletes the record in the database and freezes this instance to reflect that no changes should be made (since they can’t be persisted).
-
#id ⇒ Object
Every Active Record class must use “id” as their primary ID.
-
#id=(value) ⇒ Object
Sets the primary ID.
-
#initialize(attributes = nil) {|_self| ... } ⇒ Base
constructor
New objects can be instantiated as either empty (pass no construction parameter) or pre-set with attributes but not yet saved (pass a hash with key names matching the associated table column names).
-
#new_record? ⇒ Boolean
Returns true if this object hasn’t been saved yet – that is, a record for the object doesn’t exist yet.
-
#respond_to?(method) ⇒ Boolean
A Person object with a name attribute can ask person.respond_to?(“name”), person.respond_to?(“name=”), and person.respond_to?(“name?”) which will all return true.
-
#respond_to_without_attributes? ⇒ Object
For checking respond_to? without searching the attributes (which is faster).
-
#save ⇒ Object
-
No record exists: Creates a new record with values matching those of the object attributes.
-
-
#update_attribute(name, value) ⇒ Object
Updates a single attribute and saves the record.
Methods included from ClassInheritableAttributes
Constructor Details
#initialize(attributes = nil) {|_self| ... } ⇒ Base
New objects can be instantiated as either empty (pass no construction parameter) or pre-set with attributes but not yet saved (pass a hash with key names matching the associated table column names). In both instances, valid attribute keys are determined by the column names of the associated table – hence you can’t have attributes that aren’t part of the table columns.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 606 def initialize(attributes = nil) @attributes = attributes_from_column_definition @new_record = true ensure_proper_type self.attributes = attributes unless attributes.nil? yield self if block_given? end |
Dynamic Method Handling
This class handles dynamic methods through the method_missing method
#method_missing(method_id, *arguments) ⇒ Object (private)
Allows access to the object attributes, which are held in the @attributes hash, as were they first-class methods. So a Person class with a name attribute can use Person#name and Person#name= and never directly use the attributes hash – except for multiple assigns with ActiveRecord#attributes=. A Milestone class can also ask Milestone#completed? to test that the completed attribute is not nil or 0.
It’s also possible to instantiate related objects, so a Client class belonging to the clients table with a master_id foreign key can instantiate master through Client#master.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 781 def method_missing(method_id, *arguments) method_name = method_id.id2name if method_name =~ read_method? && @attributes.include?($1) return read_attribute($1) elsif method_name =~ write_method? write_attribute($1, arguments[0]) elsif method_name =~ query_method? return query_attribute($1) else super end end |
Class Method Details
.accessible_attributes ⇒ Object
Returns an array of all the attributes that have been made accessible to mass-assigment.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 398 def accessible_attributes # :nodoc: read_inheritable_attribute("attr_accessible") end |
.attr_accessible(*attributes) ⇒ Object
If this macro is used, only those attributed named in it will be accessible for mass-assignment, such as new(attributes)
and attributes=(attributes)
. This is the more conservative choice for mass-assignment protection. If you’d rather start from an all-open default and restrict attributes as needed, have a look at attr_protected.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 393 def attr_accessible(*attributes) write_inheritable_array("attr_accessible", attributes) end |
.attr_protected(*attributes) ⇒ Object
Attributes named in this macro are protected from mass-assignment, such as new(attributes)
and attributes=(attributes)
. Their assignment will simply be ignored. Instead, you can use the direct writer methods to do assignment. This is meant to protect sensitive attributes to be overwritten by URL/form hackers. Example:
class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
attr_protected :credit_rating
end
customer = Customer.new("name" => David, "credit_rating" => "Excellent")
customer. # => nil
customer.attributes = { "description" => "Jolly fellow", "credit_rating" => "Superb" }
customer. # => nil
customer. = "Average"
customer. # => "Average"
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 380 def attr_protected(*attributes) write_inheritable_array("attr_protected", attributes) end |
.benchmark(title) ⇒ Object
Used to aggregate logging and benchmark, so you can measure and represent multiple statements in a single block. Usage (hides all the SQL calls for the individual actions and calculates total runtime for them all):
Project.benchmark("Creating project") do
project = Project.create("name" => "stuff")
project.create_manager("name" => "David")
project.milestones << Milestone.find_all
end
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 515 def benchmark(title) logger.level = Logger::ERROR bm = Benchmark.measure { yield } logger.level = Logger::DEBUG logger.info "#{title} (#{sprintf("%f", bm.real)})" end |
.class_name(table_name = table_name) ⇒ Object
Turns the table_name
back into a class name following the reverse rules of table_name
.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 468 def class_name(table_name = table_name) # :nodoc: # remove any prefix and/or suffix from the table name class_name = Inflector.camelize(table_name[table_name_prefix.length..-(table_name_suffix.length + 1)]) class_name = Inflector.singularize(class_name) if pluralize_table_names return class_name end |
.columns ⇒ Object
Returns an array of column objects for the table associated with this class.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 476 def columns @columns ||= connection.columns(table_name, "#{name} Columns") end |
.columns_hash ⇒ Object
Returns an array of column objects for the table associated with this class.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 481 def columns_hash @columns_hash ||= columns.inject({}) { |hash, column| hash[column.name] = column; hash } end |
.connected? ⇒ Boolean
Returns true if a connection that’s accessible to this class have already been opened.
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# File 'lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb', line 90 def self.connected? klass = self until klass == ActiveRecord::Base.superclass if Thread.current['active_connections'].is_a?(Hash) && Thread.current['active_connections'][klass] return true else klass = klass.superclass end end return false end |
.connection ⇒ Object
Returns the connection currently associated with the class. This can also be used to “borrow” the connection to do database work unrelated to any of the specific Active Records.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 171 def self.connection retrieve_connection end |
.connection=(spec) ⇒ Object
Set the connection for the class.
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# File 'lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb', line 115 def self.connection=(spec) raise ConnectionNotEstablished unless spec conn = self.send(spec.adapter_method, spec.config) Thread.current['active_connections'] ||= {} Thread.current['active_connections'][self] = conn end |
.content_columns ⇒ Object
Returns an array of columns objects where the primary id, all columns ending in “_id” or “_count”, and columns used for single table inheritance has been removed.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 487 def content_columns columns.reject { |c| c.name == primary_key || c.name =~ /(_id|_count)$/ || c.name == inheritance_column } end |
.count(conditions = nil) ⇒ Object
Returns the number of records that meets the conditions
. Zero is returned if no records match. Example:
Product.count "sales > 1"
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 338 def count(conditions = nil) sql = "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM #{table_name} " add_conditions!(sql, conditions) count_by_sql(sql) end |
.count_by_sql(sql) ⇒ Object
Returns the result of an SQL statement that should only include a COUNT(*) in the SELECT part.
Product.count "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sales s, customers c WHERE s.customer_id = c.id"
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 346 def count_by_sql(sql) count = connection.select_one(sql, "#{name} Count").values.first return count ? count.to_i : 0 end |
.create(attributes = nil) ⇒ Object
Creates an object, instantly saves it as a record (if the validation permits it), and returns it. If the save fail under validations, the unsaved object is still returned.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 296 def create(attributes = nil) object = new(attributes) object.save object end |
.decrement_counter(counter_name, id) ⇒ Object
Works like increment_counter, but decrements instead.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 361 def decrement_counter(counter_name, id) update_all "#{counter_name} = #{counter_name} - 1", "#{primary_key} = #{id}" end |
.delete_all(conditions = nil) ⇒ Object
Deletes all the records that matches the condition
without instantiating the objects first (and hence not calling the destroy method). Example:
Post.destroy_all "person_id = 5 AND (category = 'Something' OR category = 'Else')"
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 330 def delete_all(conditions = nil) sql = "DELETE FROM #{table_name} " add_conditions!(sql, conditions) connection.delete(sql, "#{name} Delete all") end |
.descents_from_active_record? ⇒ Boolean
:nodoc:
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 497 def descents_from_active_record? # :nodoc: superclass == Base end |
.destroy_all(conditions = nil) ⇒ Object
Destroys the objects for all the records that matches the condition
by instantiating each object and calling the destroy method. Example:
Person.destroy_all "last_login < '2004-04-04'"
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 323 def destroy_all(conditions = nil) find_all(conditions).each { |object| object.destroy } end |
.establish_connection(spec) ⇒ Object
Establishes the connection to the database. Accepts a hash as input where the :adapter key must be specified with the name of a database adapter (in lower-case) example for regular databases (MySQL, Postgresql, etc):
ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(
:adapter => "mysql",
:host => "localhost",
:username => "myuser",
:password => "mypass",
:database => "somedatabase"
)
Example for SQLite database:
ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(
:adapter => "sqlite",
:dbfile => "path/to/dbfile"
)
Also accepts keys as strings (for parsing from yaml for example):
ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(
"adapter" => "sqlite",
"dbfile" => "path/to/dbfile"
)
The exceptions AdapterNotSpecified, AdapterNotFound and ArgumentError may be returned on an error.
Connecting to another database for a single model
To support different connections for different classes, you can simply call establish_connection with the classes you wish to have different connections for:
class Courses < ActiveRecord::Base
...
end
Courses.establish_connection( ... )
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# File 'lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb', line 55 def self.establish_connection(spec) if spec.instance_of? ConnectionSpecification @@defined_connections[self] = spec else if spec.nil? then raise AdapterNotSpecified end symbolize_strings_in_hash(spec) unless spec.key?(:adapter) then raise AdapterNotSpecified end adapter_method = "#{spec[:adapter]}_connection" unless methods.include?(adapter_method) then raise AdapterNotFound end remove_connection @@defined_connections[self] = ConnectionSpecification.new(spec, adapter_method) end end |
.find(*ids) ⇒ Object
Returns objects for the records responding to either a specific id (1), a list of ids (1, 5, 6) or an array of ids. If only one ID is specified, that object is returned directly. If more than one ID is specified, an array is returned. Examples:
Person.find(1) # returns the object for ID = 1
Person.find(1, 2, 6) # returns an array for objects with IDs in (1, 2, 6)
Person.find([7, 17]) # returns an array for objects with IDs in (7, 17)
RecordNotFound
is raised if no record can be found.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 222 def find(*ids) ids = [ ids ].flatten.compact if ids.length > 1 ids_list = ids.map{ |id| "'#{sanitize(id)}'" }.join(", ") objects = find_all("#{primary_key} IN (#{ids_list})", primary_key) if objects.length == ids.length return objects else raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{name} with ID in (#{ids_list})" end elsif ids.length == 1 id = ids.first sql = "SELECT * FROM #{table_name} WHERE #{primary_key} = '#{sanitize(id)}'" sql << " AND #{type_condition}" unless descents_from_active_record? if record = connection.select_one(sql, "#{name} Find") instantiate(record) else raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{name} with ID = #{id}" end else raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{name} without an ID" end end |
.find_all(conditions = nil, orderings = nil, limit = nil, joins = nil) ⇒ Object
Returns an array of all the objects that could be instantiated from the associated table in the database. The conditions
can be used to narrow the selection of objects (WHERE-part), such as by “color = ‘red’”, and arrangement of the selection can be done through orderings
(ORDER BY-part), such as by “last_name, first_name DESC”. A maximum of returned objects can be specified in limit
. Example:
Project.find_all "category = 'accounts'", "last_accessed DESC", 15
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 263 def find_all(conditions = nil, orderings = nil, limit = nil, joins = nil) sql = "SELECT * FROM #{table_name} " sql << "#{joins} " if joins add_conditions!(sql, conditions) sql << "ORDER BY #{orderings} " unless orderings.nil? sql << "LIMIT #{limit} " unless limit.nil? find_by_sql(sql) end |
.find_by_sql(sql) ⇒ Object
Works like find_all, but requires a complete SQL string. Example:
Post.find_by_sql "SELECT p.*, c.author FROM posts p, comments c WHERE p.id = c.post_id"
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 275 def find_by_sql(sql) connection.select_all(sql, "#{name} Load").inject([]) { |objects, record| objects << instantiate(record) } end |
.find_first(conditions = nil, orderings = nil) ⇒ Object
Returns the object for the first record responding to the conditions in conditions
, such as “group = ‘master’”. If more than one record is returned from the query, it’s the first that’ll be used to create the object. In such cases, it might be beneficial to also specify orderings
, like “income DESC, name”, to control exactly which record is to be used. Example:
Employee.find_first "income > 50000", "income DESC, name"
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 284 def find_first(conditions = nil, orderings = nil) sql = "SELECT * FROM #{table_name} " add_conditions!(sql, conditions) sql << "ORDER BY #{orderings} " unless orderings.nil? sql << "LIMIT 1" record = connection.select_one(sql, "#{name} Load First") instantiate(record) unless record.nil? end |
.find_on_conditions(id, conditions) ⇒ Object
Works like find, but the record matching id
must also meet the conditions
. RecordNotFound
is raised if no record can be found matching the id
or meeting the condition. Example:
Person.find_on_conditions 5, "first_name LIKE '%dav%' AND last_name = 'heinemeier'"
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 253 def find_on_conditions(id, conditions) find_first("#{primary_key} = '#{sanitize(id)}' AND #{sanitize_conditions(conditions)}") || raise(RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{name} with #{primary_key} = #{id} on the condition of #{conditions}") end |
.human_attribute_name(attribute_key_name) ⇒ Object
Transforms attribute key names into a more humane format, such as “First name” instead of “first_name”. Example:
Person.human_attribute_name("first_name") # => "First name"
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 493 def human_attribute_name(attribute_key_name) attribute_key_name.gsub(/_/, " ").capitalize unless attribute_key_name.nil? end |
.increment_counter(counter_name, id) ⇒ Object
Increments the specified counter by one. So DiscussionBoard.increment_counter("post_count", discussion_board_id)
would increment the “post_count” counter on the board responding to discussion_board_id. This is used for caching aggregate values, so that they doesn’t need to be computed every time. Especially important for looping over a collection where each element require a number of aggregate values. Like the DiscussionBoard that needs to list both the number of posts and comments.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 356 def increment_counter(counter_name, id) update_all "#{counter_name} = #{counter_name} + 1", "#{primary_key} = #{id}" end |
.inheritance_column ⇒ Object
Defines the column name for use with single table inheritance – can be overridden in subclasses.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 463 def inheritance_column "type" end |
.inherited(child) ⇒ Object
:nodoc:
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 182 def self.inherited(child) #:nodoc: @@subclasses[self] ||= [] @@subclasses[self] << child super end |
.primary_key ⇒ Object
Defines the primary key field – can be overridden in subclasses. Overwritting will negate any effect of the primary_key_prefix_type setting, though.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 451 def primary_key case primary_key_prefix_type when :table_name Inflector.foreign_key(class_name_of_active_record_descendant(self), false) when :table_name_with_underscore Inflector.foreign_key(class_name_of_active_record_descendant(self)) else "id" end end |
.protected_attributes ⇒ Object
Returns an array of all the attributes that have been protected from mass-assigment.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 385 def protected_attributes # :nodoc: read_inheritable_attribute("attr_protected") end |
.remove_connection(klass = self) ⇒ Object
Remove the connection for this class. This will close the active connection and the defined connection (if they exist). The result can be used as argument for establish_connection, for easy re-establishing of the connection.
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# File 'lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb', line 106 def self.remove_connection(klass=self) conn = @@defined_connections[klass] @@defined_connections.delete(klass) Thread.current['active_connections'] ||= {} Thread.current['active_connections'][klass] = nil conn.config if conn end |
.retrieve_connection ⇒ Object
Locate the connection of the nearest super class. This can be an active or defined connections: if it is the latter, it will be opened and set as the active connection for the class it was defined for (not necessarily the current class).
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# File 'lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb', line 74 def self.retrieve_connection #:nodoc: klass = self until klass == ActiveRecord::Base.superclass Thread.current['active_connections'] ||= {} if Thread.current['active_connections'][klass] return Thread.current['active_connections'][klass] elsif @@defined_connections[klass] klass.connection = @@defined_connections[klass] return self.connection end klass = klass.superclass end raise ConnectionNotEstablished end |
.sanitize(object) ⇒ Object
Used to sanitize objects before they’re used in an SELECT SQL-statement.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 502 def sanitize(object) # :nodoc: return object if Fixnum === object object.to_s.gsub(/([;:])/, "").gsub('##', '\#\#').gsub(/'/, "''") # ' (for ruby-mode) end |
.serialize(attr_name, class_name = Object) ⇒ Object
Specifies that the attribute by the name of attr_name
should be serialized before saving to the database and unserialized after loading from the database. The serialization is done through YAML. If class_name
is specified, the serialized object must be of that class on retrival or SerializationTypeMismatch
will be raised.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 405 def serialize(attr_name, class_name = Object) write_inheritable_attribute("attr_serialized", serialized_attributes.update(attr_name.to_s => class_name)) end |
.serialized_attributes ⇒ Object
Returns a hash of all the attributes that have been specified for serialization as keys and their class restriction as values.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 410 def serialized_attributes read_inheritable_attribute("attr_serialized") || { } end |
.symbolize_strings_in_hash(hash) ⇒ Object
Converts all strings in a hash to symbols.
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# File 'lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb', line 123 def self.symbolize_strings_in_hash(hash) hash.each do |key, value| if key.class == String hash.delete key hash[key.intern] = value end end end |
.table_name(class_name = nil) ⇒ Object
Guesses the table name (in forced lower-case) based on the name of the class in the inheritance hierarchy descending directly from ActiveRecord. So if the hierarchy looks like: Reply < Message < ActiveRecord, then Message is used to guess the table name from even when called on Reply. The guessing rules are as follows:
-
Class name ends in “x”, “ch” or “ss”: “es” is appended, so a Search class becomes a searches table.
-
Class name ends in “y” preceded by a consonant or “qu”: The “y” is replaced with “ies”, so a Category class becomes a categories table.
-
Class name ends in “fe”: The “fe” is replaced with “ves”, so a Wife class becomes a wives table.
-
Class name ends in “lf” or “rf”: The “f” is replaced with “ves”, so a Half class becomes a halves table.
-
Class name ends in “person”: The “person” is replaced with “people”, so a Salesperson class becomes a salespeople table.
-
Class name ends in “man”: The “man” is replaced with “men”, so a Spokesman class becomes a spokesmen table.
-
Class name ends in “sis”: The “i” is replaced with an “e”, so a Basis class becomes a bases table.
-
Class name ends in “tum” or “ium”: The “um” is replaced with an “a”, so a Datum class becomes a data table.
-
Class name ends in “child”: The “child” is replaced with “children”, so a NodeChild class becomes a node_children table.
-
Class name ends in an “s”: No additional characters are added or removed.
-
Class name doesn’t end in “s”: An “s” is appended, so a Comment class becomes a comments table.
-
Class name with word compositions: Compositions are underscored, so CreditCard class becomes a credit_cards table.
Additionally, the class-level table_name_prefix is prepended to the table_name and the table_name_suffix is appended. So if you have “myapp_” as a prefix, the table name guess for an Account class becomes “myapp_accounts”.
You can also overwrite this class method to allow for unguessable links, such as a Mouse class with a link to a “mice” table. Example:
class Mouse < ActiveRecord::Base
def self.table_name() "mice" end
end
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 440 def table_name(class_name = nil) if class_name.nil? class_name = class_name_of_active_record_descendant(self) table_name_prefix + undecorated_table_name(class_name) + table_name_suffix else table_name_prefix + undecorated_table_name(class_name) + table_name_suffix end end |
.update(id, attributes) ⇒ Object
Finds the record from the passed id
, instantly saves it with the passed attributes
(if the validation permits it), and returns it. If the save fail under validations, the unsaved object is still returned.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 304 def update(id, attributes) object = find(id) object.attributes = attributes object.save object end |
.update_all(updates, conditions = nil) ⇒ Object
Updates all records with the SET-part of an SQL update statement in updates
. A subset of the records can be selected by specifying conditions
. Example:
Billing.update_all "category = 'authorized', approved = 1", "author = 'David'"
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 314 def update_all(updates, conditions = nil) sql = "UPDATE #{table_name} SET #{updates} " add_conditions!(sql, conditions) connection.update(sql, "#{name} Update") end |
Instance Method Details
#==(comparison_object) ⇒ Object
Returns true if the comparison_object
is of the same type and has the same id.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 721 def ==(comparison_object) comparison_object.instance_of?(self.class) && comparison_object.id == id end |
#[](attr_name) ⇒ Object
Returns the value of attribute identified by attr_name
after it has been type cast (for example, “2004-12-12” in a data column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)). (Alias for the protected read_attribute method).
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 678 def [](attr_name) read_attribute(attr_name) end |
#[]=(attr_name, value) ⇒ Object
Updates the attribute identified by attr_name
with the specified value
. (Alias for the protected write_attribute method).
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 684 def []= (attr_name, value) write_attribute(attr_name, value) end |
#attribute_names ⇒ Object
Returns an array of names for the attributes available on this object sorted alphabetically.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 711 def attribute_names @attributes.keys.sort end |
#attribute_present?(attribute) ⇒ Boolean
Returns true if the specified attribute
has been set by the user or by a database load and is neither nil nor empty? (the latter only applies to objects that responds to empty?, most notably Strings).
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 705 def attribute_present?(attribute) is_empty = read_attribute(attribute).respond_to?("empty?") ? read_attribute(attribute).empty? : false @attributes.include?(attribute) && !@attributes[attribute].nil? && !is_empty end |
#attributes=(attributes) ⇒ Object
Allows you to set all the attributes at once by passing in a hash with keys matching the attribute names (which again matches the column names). Sensitive attributes can be protected from this form of mass-assignment by using the attr_protected
macro. Or you can alternatively specify which attributes can be accessed in with the attr_accessible
macro. Then all the attributes not included in that won’t be allowed to be mass-assigned.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 693 def attributes=(attributes) return if attributes.nil? multi_parameter_attributes = [] remove_attributes_protected_from_mass_assignment(attributes).each do |k, v| k.include?("(") ? multi_parameter_attributes << [ k, v ] : send(k + "=", v) end assign_multiparameter_attributes(multi_parameter_attributes) end |
#clone ⇒ Object
Returns a clone of the record that hasn’t been assigned an id yet and is treated as a new record.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 652 def clone attr = Hash.new self.attribute_names.each do |name| begin attr[name] = read_attribute(name).clone rescue TypeError attr[name] = read_attribute(name) end end cloned_record = self.class.new(attr) cloned_record.instance_variable_set "@new_record", true cloned_record.id = nil cloned_record end |
#column_for_attribute(name) ⇒ Object
Returns the column object for the named attribute.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 716 def column_for_attribute(name) self.class.columns_hash[name] end |
#connection ⇒ Object
Returns the connection currently associated with the class. This can also be used to “borrow” the connection to do database work that isn’t easily done without going straight to SQL.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 178 def connection self.class.connection end |
#destroy ⇒ Object
Deletes the record in the database and freezes this instance to reflect that no changes should be made (since they can’t be persisted).
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 639 def destroy unless new_record? connection.delete( "DELETE FROM #{self.class.table_name} " + "WHERE #{self.class.primary_key} = '#{id}'", "#{self.class.name} Destroy" ) end freeze end |
#id ⇒ Object
Every Active Record class must use “id” as their primary ID. This getter overwrites the native id method, which isn’t being used in this context.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 616 def id read_attribute(self.class.primary_key) end |
#id=(value) ⇒ Object
Sets the primary ID.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 621 def id=(value) write_attribute(self.class.primary_key, value) end |
#new_record? ⇒ Boolean
Returns true if this object hasn’t been saved yet – that is, a record for the object doesn’t exist yet.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 626 def new_record? @new_record end |
#respond_to?(method) ⇒ Boolean
A Person object with a name attribute can ask person.respond_to?(“name”), person.respond_to?(“name=”), and person.respond_to?(“name?”) which will all return true.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 730 def respond_to?(method) @@dynamic_methods ||= attribute_names + attribute_names.collect { |attr| attr + "=" } + attribute_names.collect { |attr| attr + "?" } @@dynamic_methods.include?(method.to_s) ? true : respond_to_without_attributes?(method) end |
#respond_to_without_attributes? ⇒ Object
For checking respond_to? without searching the attributes (which is faster).
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 726 alias_method :respond_to_without_attributes?, :respond_to? |
#save ⇒ Object
-
No record exists: Creates a new record with values matching those of the object attributes.
-
A record does exist: Updates the record with values matching those of the object attributes.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 632 def save create_or_update return true end |
#update_attribute(name, value) ⇒ Object
Updates a single attribute and saves the record. This is especially useful for boolean flags on existing records.
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# File 'lib/active_record/base.rb', line 670 def update_attribute(name, value) self[name] = value save end |