Module: ArJdbc::PostgreSQL

Included in:
ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter
Defined in:
lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb,
lib/arjdbc/postgresql/column.rb,
lib/arjdbc/postgresql/explain_support.rb,
lib/arjdbc/postgresql/schema_creation.rb

Overview

Strives to provide Rails built-in PostgreSQL adapter (API) compatibility.

Defined Under Namespace

Modules: Column, ExplainSupport Classes: SchemaCreation

Constant Summary collapse

ADAPTER_NAME = 
'PostgreSQL'.freeze
NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = 
{
  :primary_key => "serial primary key",
  :string => { :name => "character varying", :limit => 255 },
  :text => { :name => "text" },
  :integer => { :name => "integer" },
  :float => { :name => "float" },
  :numeric => { :name => "numeric" },
  :decimal => { :name => "decimal" }, # :limit => 1000
  :datetime => { :name => "timestamp" },
  :timestamp => { :name => "timestamp" },
  :time => { :name => "time" },
  :date => { :name => "date" },
  :binary => { :name => "bytea" },
  :boolean => { :name => "boolean" },
  :xml => { :name => "xml" },
  # AR-JDBC added :
  #:timestamptz => { :name => "timestamptz" },
  #:timetz => { :name => "timetz" },
  :money => { :name=>"money" },
  :char => { :name => "char" },
  :serial => { :name => "serial" }, # auto-inc integer, bigserial, smallserial
}

Class Method Summary collapse

Instance Method Summary collapse

Class Method Details

.arel_visitor_type(config = nil) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 32

def self.arel_visitor_type(config = nil)
  ::Arel::Visitors::PostgreSQL
end

.column_selector ⇒ Object

See Also:

  • ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::JdbcColumn#column_types


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/column.rb', line 5

def self.column_selector
  [ /postgre/i, lambda { |cfg, column| column.extend(Column) } ]
end

.jdbc_connection_class ⇒ Object

See Also:



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 17

def self.jdbc_connection_class
  ::ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLJdbcConnection
end

Instance Method Details

#adapter_name ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 44

def adapter_name
  ADAPTER_NAME
end

#add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) ⇒ Object

Adds a new column to the named table. See TableDefinition#column for details of the options you can use.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 959

def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
  default = options[:default]
  notnull = options[:null] == false

  sql_type = type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])
  sql_type << "[]" if options[:array]

  # Add the column.
  execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ADD COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{sql_type}")

  change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default) if options_include_default?(options)
  change_column_null(table_name, column_name, false, default) if notnull
end

#add_index(table_name, column_name, options = {}) ⇒ Object

unless const_defined? :SchemaCreation



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 1019

def add_index(table_name, column_name, options = {})
  index_name, index_type, index_columns, index_options, index_algorithm, index_using = add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options)
  execute "CREATE #{index_type} INDEX #{index_algorithm} #{quote_column_name(index_name)} ON #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{index_using} (#{index_columns})#{index_options}"
end

#add_order_by_for_association_limiting!(sql, options) ⇒ Object

ORDER BY clause for the passed order option.

PostgreSQL does not allow arbitrary ordering when using DISTINCT ON, so we work around this by wrapping the SQL as a sub-select and ordering in that query.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 779

def add_order_by_for_association_limiting!(sql, options)
  return sql if options[:order].blank?

  order = options[:order].split(',').collect { |s| s.strip }.reject(&:blank?)
  order.map! { |s| 'DESC' if s =~ /\bdesc$/i }
  order = order.zip((0...order.size).to_a).map { |s,i| "id_list.alias_#{i} #{s}" }.join(', ')

  sql.replace "SELECT * FROM (#{sql}) AS id_list ORDER BY #{order}"
end

#all_schemas ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 698

def all_schemas
  select('SELECT nspname FROM pg_namespace').map { |row| row["nspname"] }
end

#change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) ⇒ Object

Changes the column of a table.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 974

def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
  quoted_table_name = quote_table_name(table_name)

  sql_type = type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])
  sql_type << "[]" if options[:array]

  begin
    execute "ALTER TABLE #{quoted_table_name} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} TYPE #{sql_type}"
  rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid => e
    raise e if postgresql_version > 80000
    # This is PostgreSQL 7.x, so we have to use a more arcane way of doing it.
    begin
      begin_db_transaction
      tmp_column_name = "#{column_name}_ar_tmp"
      add_column(table_name, tmp_column_name, type, options)
      execute "UPDATE #{quoted_table_name} SET #{quote_column_name(tmp_column_name)} = CAST(#{quote_column_name(column_name)} AS #{sql_type})"
      remove_column(table_name, column_name)
      rename_column(table_name, tmp_column_name, column_name)
      commit_db_transaction
    rescue
      rollback_db_transaction
    end
  end

  change_column_default(table_name, column_name, options[:default]) if options_include_default?(options)
  change_column_null(table_name, column_name, options[:null], options[:default]) if options.key?(:null)
end

#change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default) ⇒ Object

Changes the default value of a table column.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 1003

def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
  execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} SET DEFAULT #{quote(default)}"
end

#change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil) ⇒ Object

unless const_defined? :SchemaCreation



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 1007

def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
  unless null || default.nil?
    execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
  end
  execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{null ? 'DROP' : 'SET'} NOT NULL")
end

#client_min_messages ⇒ Object

Returns the current client message level.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 731

def client_min_messages
  select_value('SHOW client_min_messages', 'SCHEMA')
end

#client_min_messages=(level) ⇒ Object

Set the client message level.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 736

def client_min_messages=(level)
  execute("SET client_min_messages TO '#{level}'", 'SCHEMA')
end

#collation ⇒ Object

Returns the current database collation.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 589

def collation
  select_value(
    "SELECT pg_database.datcollate" <<
    " FROM pg_database" <<
    " WHERE pg_database.datname LIKE '#{current_database}'",
  'SCHEMA')
end

#columns(table_name, name = nil) ⇒ Object

Returns the list of all column definitions for a table.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 1033

def columns(table_name, name = nil)
  klass = ::ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn
  column_definitions(table_name).map do |row|
    # name, type, default, notnull, oid, fmod
    name = row[0]; type = row[1]; default = row[2]
    notnull = row[3]; oid = row[4]; fmod = row[5]
    # oid = OID::TYPE_MAP.fetch(oid.to_i, fmod.to_i) { OID::Identity.new }
    notnull = notnull == 't' if notnull.is_a?(String) # JDBC gets true/false
    # for ID columns we get a bit of non-sense default :
    # e.g. "nextval('mixed_cases_id_seq'::regclass"
    if default =~ /^nextval\(.*?\:\:regclass\)$/
      default = nil
    elsif default =~ /^\(([-+]?[\d\.]+)\)$/ # e.g. "(-1)" for a negative default
      default = $1
    end
    klass.new(name, default, oid, type, ! notnull)
  end
end

#columns_for_distinct(columns, orders) ⇒ Object

PostgreSQL requires the ORDER BY columns in the select list for distinct queries, and requires that the ORDER BY include the distinct column.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 758

def columns_for_distinct(columns, orders)
  if orders.is_a?(String)
    orders = orders.split(','); orders.each(&:strip!)
  end

  order_columns = orders.reject(&:blank?).map! do |column|
    column = column.to_sql unless column.is_a?(String) # handle AREL node
    column.gsub(/\s+(ASC|DESC)\s*(NULLS\s+(FIRST|LAST)\s*)?/i, '') # remove ASC/DESC
  end
  order_columns.reject!(&:blank?)
  i = -1; order_columns.map! { |c| "#{c} AS alias_#{i += 1}" }

  columns = [ columns ]; columns.flatten!
  columns.push( *order_columns ).join(', ')
end

#configure_connection ⇒ Object

Configures the encoding, verbosity, schema search path, and time zone of the connection. This is called on connection.connect and should not be called manually.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 74

def configure_connection
  #if encoding = config[:encoding]
    # The client_encoding setting is set by the driver and should not be altered.
    # If the driver detects a change it will abort the connection.
    # see http://jdbc.postgresql.org/documentation/91/connect.html
    # self.set_client_encoding(encoding)
  #end
  self.client_min_messages = config[:min_messages] || 'warning'
  self.schema_search_path = config[:schema_search_path] || config[:schema_order]

  # Use standard-conforming strings if available so we don't have to do the E'...' dance.
  set_standard_conforming_strings

  # If using Active Record's time zone support configure the connection to return
  # TIMESTAMP WITH ZONE types in UTC.
  # (SET TIME ZONE does not use an equals sign like other SET variables)
  if ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone == :utc
    execute("SET time zone 'UTC'", 'SCHEMA')
  elsif tz = local_tz
    execute("SET time zone '#{tz}'", 'SCHEMA')
  end # if defined? ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone

  # SET statements from :variables config hash
  # http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.3/static/sql-set.html
  (config[:variables] || {}).map do |k, v|
    if v == ':default' || v == :default
      # Sets the value to the global or compile default
      execute("SET SESSION #{k.to_s} TO DEFAULT", 'SCHEMA')
    elsif ! v.nil?
      execute("SET SESSION #{k.to_s} TO #{quote(v)}", 'SCHEMA')
    end
  end
end

#create_database(name, options = {}) ⇒ Object

Create a new PostgreSQL database. Options include :owner, :template, :encoding, :collation, :ctype, :tablespace, and :connection_limit (note that MySQL uses :charset while PostgreSQL uses :encoding).

Example: create_database config[:database], config create_database 'foo_development', encoding: 'unicode'



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 653

def create_database(name, options = {})
  options = { :encoding => 'utf8' }.merge!(options.symbolize_keys)

  option_string = options.sum do |key, value|
    case key
    when :owner
      " OWNER = \"#{value}\""
    when :template
      " TEMPLATE = \"#{value}\""
    when :encoding
      " ENCODING = '#{value}'"
    when :collation
      " LC_COLLATE = '#{value}'"
    when :ctype
      " LC_CTYPE = '#{value}'"
    when :tablespace
      " TABLESPACE = \"#{value}\""
    when :connection_limit
      " CONNECTION LIMIT = #{value}"
    else
      ""
    end
  end

  execute "CREATE DATABASE #{quote_table_name(name)}#{option_string}"
end

#create_savepoint(name = current_savepoint_name(true)) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 347

def create_savepoint(name = current_savepoint_name(true))
  log("SAVEPOINT #{name}", 'Savepoint') { super }
end

#create_schema(schema_name, pg_username = nil) ⇒ Object

Creates a schema for the given schema name.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 685

def create_schema(schema_name, pg_username = nil)
  if pg_username.nil? # AR 4.0 compatibility - accepts only single argument
    execute "CREATE SCHEMA #{schema_name}"
  else
    execute("CREATE SCHEMA \"#{schema_name}\" AUTHORIZATION \"#{pg_username}\"")
  end
end

#ctype ⇒ Object

Returns the current database ctype.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 598

def ctype
  select_value(
    "SELECT pg_database.datctype FROM pg_database WHERE pg_database.datname LIKE '#{current_database}'",
  'SCHEMA')
end

#current_database ⇒ Object

current database name



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 575

def current_database
  select_value('SELECT current_database()', 'SCHEMA')
end

#current_schema ⇒ Object

Returns the current schema name.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 570

def current_schema
  select_value('SELECT current_schema', 'SCHEMA')
end

#default_sequence_name(table_name, pk = nil) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 409

def default_sequence_name(table_name, pk = nil)
  default_pk, default_seq = pk_and_sequence_for(table_name)
  default_seq || "#{table_name}_#{pk || default_pk || 'id'}_seq"
end

#disable_extension(name) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 369

def disable_extension(name)
  execute("DROP EXTENSION IF EXISTS \"#{name}\" CASCADE")
end

#disable_referential_integrity ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 928

def disable_referential_integrity
  if supports_disable_referential_integrity?
    begin
      execute(tables.collect { |name| "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} DISABLE TRIGGER ALL" }.join(";"))
    rescue
      execute(tables.collect { |name| "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} DISABLE TRIGGER USER" }.join(";"))
    end
  end
  yield
ensure
  if supports_disable_referential_integrity?
    begin
      execute(tables.collect { |name| "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} ENABLE TRIGGER ALL" }.join(";"))
    rescue
      execute(tables.collect { |name| "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} ENABLE TRIGGER USER" }.join(";"))
    end
  end
end

#distinct(columns, orders) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 751

def distinct(columns, orders)
  "DISTINCT #{columns_for_distinct(columns, orders)}"
end

#drop_database(name) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 680

def drop_database(name)
  execute "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS #{quote_table_name(name)}"
end

#drop_schema(schema_name) ⇒ Object

Drops the schema for the given schema name.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 694

def drop_schema schema_name
  execute "DROP SCHEMA #{schema_name} CASCADE"
end

#enable_extension(name) ⇒ Object

NOTE: only since AR-4.0 but should not hurt on other versions



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 365

def enable_extension(name)
  execute("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS \"#{name}\"")
end

#encoding ⇒ Object

Returns the current database encoding format.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 580

def encoding
  select_value(
    "SELECT pg_encoding_to_char(pg_database.encoding)" <<
    " FROM pg_database" <<
    " WHERE pg_database.datname LIKE '#{current_database}'",
  'SCHEMA')
end

#escape_bytea(string) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 877

def escape_bytea(string)
  if string
    if supports_hex_escaped_bytea?
      "\\\\x#{string.unpack("H*")[0]}"
    else
      result = ''
      string.each_byte { |c| result << sprintf('\\\\%03o', c) }
      result
    end
  end
end

#exec_insert(sql, name, binds, pk = nil, sequence_name = nil) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 531

def exec_insert(sql, name, binds, pk = nil, sequence_name = nil)
  # NOTE: 3.2 does not pass the PK on #insert (passed only into #sql_for_insert) :
  #   sql, binds = sql_for_insert(to_sql(arel, binds), pk, id_value, sequence_name, binds)
  # 3.2 :
  #  value = exec_insert(sql, name, binds)
  # 4.x :
  #  value = exec_insert(sql, name, binds, pk, sequence_name)
  if use_insert_returning? && ( pk || (sql.is_a?(String) && sql =~ /RETURNING "?\S+"?$/) )
    exec_query(sql, name, binds) # due RETURNING clause returns a result set
  else
    result = super
    if pk
      unless sequence_name
        table_ref = extract_table_ref_from_insert_sql(sql)
        sequence_name = default_sequence_name(table_ref, pk)
        return result unless sequence_name
      end
      last_insert_id_result(sequence_name)
    else
      result
    end
  end
end

#extension_enabled?(name) ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 373

def extension_enabled?(name)
  if supports_extensions?
    rows = select_rows("SELECT EXISTS(SELECT * FROM pg_available_extensions WHERE name = '#{name}' AND installed_version IS NOT NULL)", 'SCHEMA')
    available = rows.first.first # true/false or 't'/'f'
    available == true || available == 't'
  end
end

#extensions ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 381

def extensions
  if supports_extensions?
    rows = select_rows "SELECT extname from pg_extension", "SCHEMA"
    rows.map { |row| row.first }
  else
    []
  end
end

#index_algorithms ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 390

def index_algorithms
  { :concurrently => 'CONCURRENTLY' }
end

#index_name_length ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 1028

def index_name_length
  63
end

#indexes(table_name, name = nil) ⇒ Object

Returns an array of indexes for the given table.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 1113

def indexes(table_name, name = nil)
  # NOTE: maybe it's better to leave things of to the JDBC API ?!
  result = select_rows("    SELECT distinct i.relname, d.indisunique, d.indkey, pg_get_indexdef(d.indexrelid), t.oid\n    FROM pg_class t\n    INNER JOIN pg_index d ON t.oid = d.indrelid\n    INNER JOIN pg_class i ON d.indexrelid = i.oid\n    WHERE i.relkind = 'i'\n    AND d.indisprimary = 'f'\n    AND t.relname = '\#{table_name}'\n    AND i.relnamespace IN (SELECT oid FROM pg_namespace WHERE nspname = ANY (current_schemas(false)) )\n    ORDER BY i.relname\n  SQL\n\n  result.map! do |row|\n    index_name = row[0]\n    unique = row[1].is_a?(String) ? row[1] == 't' : row[1] # JDBC gets us a boolean\n    indkey = row[2].is_a?(Java::OrgPostgresqlUtil::PGobject) ? row[2].value : row[2]\n    indkey = indkey.split(\" \")\n    inddef = row[3]\n    oid = row[4]\n\n    columns = select_rows(<<-SQL, \"SCHEMA\")\n      SELECT a.attnum, a.attname\n      FROM pg_attribute a\n      WHERE a.attrelid = \#{oid}\n      AND a.attnum IN (\#{indkey.join(\",\")})\n    SQL\n\n    columns = Hash[ columns.each { |column| column[0] = column[0].to_s } ]\n    column_names = columns.values_at(*indkey).compact\n\n    unless column_names.empty?\n      # add info on sort order for columns (only desc order is explicitly specified, asc is the default)\n      desc_order_columns = inddef.scan(/(\\w+) DESC/).flatten\n      orders = desc_order_columns.any? ? Hash[ desc_order_columns.map { |column| [column, :desc] } ] : {}\n\n      if ActiveRecord::VERSION::MAJOR > 3 # AR4 supports `where` and `using` index options\n        where = inddef.scan(/WHERE (.+)$/).flatten[0]\n        using = inddef.scan(/USING (.+?) /).flatten[0].to_sym\n\n        IndexDefinition.new(table_name, index_name, unique, column_names, [], orders, where, nil, using)\n      else\n        IndexDefinition.new(table_name, index_name, unique, column_names, [], orders)\n      end\n    end\n  end\n  result.compact!\n  result\nend\n", 'SCHEMA')

#insert_sql(sql, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil, sequence_name = nil, binds = []) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 488

def insert_sql(sql, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil, sequence_name = nil, binds = [])
  unless pk
    # Extract the table from the insert sql. Yuck.
    table_ref = extract_table_ref_from_insert_sql(sql)
    pk = primary_key(table_ref) if table_ref
  end

  if pk && use_insert_returning? # && id_value.nil?
    select_value("#{to_sql(sql, binds)} RETURNING #{quote_column_name(pk)}")
  else
    execute(sql, name, binds) # super
    unless id_value
      table_ref ||= extract_table_ref_from_insert_sql(sql)
      # If neither PK nor sequence name is given, look them up.
      if table_ref && ! ( pk ||= primary_key(table_ref) ) && ! sequence_name
        pk, sequence_name = pk_and_sequence_for(table_ref)
      end
      # If a PK is given, fallback to default sequence name.
      # Don't fetch last insert id for a table without a PK.
      if pk && sequence_name ||= default_sequence_name(table_ref, pk)
        id_value = last_insert_id(table_ref, sequence_name)
      end
    end
    id_value
  end
end

#last_insert_id(table, sequence_name = nil) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 631

def last_insert_id(table, sequence_name = nil)
  sequence_name = table if sequence_name.nil? # AR-4.0 1 argument
  last_insert_id_result(sequence_name)
end

#last_insert_id_result(sequence_name) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 636

def last_insert_id_result(sequence_name)
  select_value("SELECT currval('#{sequence_name}')", 'SQL')
end

#last_inserted_id(result) ⇒ Integer, NilClass

Take an id from the result of an INSERT query.

Returns:

  • (Integer, NilClass) 


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 623

def last_inserted_id(result)
  return nil if result.nil?
  return result if result.is_a? Integer
  # <ActiveRecord::Result @hash_rows=nil, @columns=["id"], @rows=[[3]]>
  # but it will work with [{ 'id' => 1 }] Hash wrapped results as well
  result.first.first[1] # .first = { "id"=>1 } .first = [ "id", 1 ]
end

#migration_keys ⇒ Object

Adds :array as a valid migration key.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 250

def migration_keys
  super + [:array]
end

#multi_column_index_limit ⇒ Object

Gets the maximum number columns postgres has, default 32



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 741

def multi_column_index_limit
  defined?(@multi_column_index_limit) && @multi_column_index_limit || 32
end

#multi_column_index_limit=(limit) ⇒ Object

Sets the maximum number columns postgres has, default 32



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 746

def multi_column_index_limit=(limit)
  @multi_column_index_limit = limit
end

#native_database_types ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 238

def native_database_types
  NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES
end

#pk_and_sequence_for(table) ⇒ Object

Find a table's primary key and sequence.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 430

def pk_and_sequence_for(table)
  # try looking for a seq with a dependency on the table's primary key :
  result = select("      SELECT attr.attname, seq.relname\n      FROM pg_class      seq,\n           pg_attribute  attr,\n           pg_depend     dep,\n           pg_constraint cons\n      WHERE seq.oid           = dep.objid\n        AND seq.relkind       = 'S'\n        AND attr.attrelid     = dep.refobjid\n        AND attr.attnum       = dep.refobjsubid\n        AND attr.attrelid     = cons.conrelid\n        AND attr.attnum       = cons.conkey[1]\n        AND cons.contype      = 'p'\n        AND dep.refobjid      = '\#{quote_table_name(table)}'::regclass\n    end_sql\n\n  if result.nil? || result.empty?\n    # if that fails, try parsing the primary key's default value :\n    result = select(<<-end_sql, 'PK and Custom Sequence')[0]\n        SELECT attr.attname,\n          CASE\n            WHEN pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid) !~* 'nextval' THEN NULL\n            WHEN split_part(pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid), '''', 2) ~ '.' THEN\n              substr(split_part(pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid), '''', 2),\n                strpos(split_part(pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid), '''', 2), '.')+1)\n            ELSE split_part(pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid), '''', 2)\n          END as relname\n        FROM pg_class       t\n        JOIN pg_attribute   attr ON (t.oid = attrelid)\n        JOIN pg_attrdef     def  ON (adrelid = attrelid AND adnum = attnum)\n        JOIN pg_constraint  cons ON (conrelid = adrelid AND adnum = conkey[1])\n        WHERE t.oid = '\#{quote_table_name(table)}'::regclass\n          AND cons.contype = 'p'\n          AND pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid) ~* 'nextval|uuid_generate'\n      end_sql\n  end\n\n  [ result['attname'], result['relname'] ]\nrescue\n  nil\nend\n", 'PK and Serial Sequence')[0]

#postgresql_version ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 48

def postgresql_version
  @postgresql_version ||=
    begin
      value = select_value('SELECT version()')
      if value =~ /PostgreSQL (\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)/
        ($1.to_i * 10000) + ($2.to_i * 100) + $3.to_i
      else
        0
      end
    end
end

#prepare_column_options(column, types) ⇒ Object

Adds :array option to the default set provided by the AbstractAdapter.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 243

def prepare_column_options(column, types)
  spec = super
  spec[:array] = 'true' if column.respond_to?(:array) && column.array
  spec
end

#primary_key(table) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 474

def primary_key(table)
  result = select("    SELECT attr.attname\n    FROM pg_attribute attr\n    INNER JOIN pg_constraint cons ON attr.attrelid = cons.conrelid AND attr.attnum = cons.conkey[1]\n    WHERE cons.contype = 'p'\n      AND cons.conrelid = '\#{quote_table_name(table)}'::regclass\n  end_sql\n\n  result && result['attname']\n  # pk_and_sequence = pk_and_sequence_for(table)\n  # pk_and_sequence && pk_and_sequence.first\nend\n", 'SCHEMA').first

#quote(value, column = nil) ⇒ String

Returns:

  • (String) 


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 791

def quote(value, column = nil)
  return super unless column
  return value if sql_literal?(value)

  case value
  when Float
    if value.infinite? && ( column.type == :datetime || column.type == :timestamp )
      "'#{value.to_s.downcase}'"
    elsif value.infinite? || value.nan?
      "'#{value.to_s}'"
    else super
    end
  when Numeric
    if column.respond_to?(:sql_type) && column.sql_type == 'money'
      # not truly string input, so doesn't require (or allow) escape syntax :
      ( column.type == :string || column.type == :text ) ? "'#{value}'" : super
    else super
    end
  when String
    return "E'#{escape_bytea(value)}'::bytea" if column.type == :binary
    return "xml '#{quote_string(value)}'" if column.type == :xml
    if column.respond_to?(:sql_type) && column.sql_type[0, 3] == 'bit'
      quote_bit(value)
    else super
    end
  when Array
    if AR4_COMPAT && column.array? # will be always falsy in AR < 4.0
      column_class = ::ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn
      "'#{column_class.array_to_string(value, column, self).gsub(/'/, "''")}'"
    else super
    end
  when Hash
    if column.type == :hstore # only in AR-4.0
      column_class = ::ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn
      super(column_class.hstore_to_string(value), column)
    elsif column.type == :json # only in AR-4.0
      column_class = ::ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn
      super(column_class.json_to_string(value), column)
    else super
    end
  when Range
    if column.type.to_s[-5..-1] == 'range' # :'xxxrange' only in AR-4.0
      column_class = ::ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn
      "'#{column_class.range_to_string(value)}'::#{column.sql_type}"
    else super
    end
  when IPAddr
    if column.type == :inet || column.type == :cidr # only in AR-4.0
      column_class = ::ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn
      super(column_class.cidr_to_string(value), column)
    else super
    end
  else
    super
  end
end

#quote_bit(value) ⇒ String

Returns:

  • (String) 


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 860

def quote_bit(value)
  case value
  # NOTE: as reported with #60 this is not quite "right" :
  #  "0103" will be treated as hexadecimal string
  #  "0102" will be treated as hexadecimal string
  #  "0101" will be treated as binary string
  #  "0100" will be treated as binary string
  # ... but is kept due Rails compatibility
  when /^[01]*$/      then "B'#{value}'" # Bit-string notation
  when /^[0-9A-F]*$/i then "X'#{value}'" # Hexadecimal notation
  end
end

#quote_column_name(name) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 907

def quote_column_name(name)
  %("#{name.to_s.gsub("\"", "\"\"")}")
end

#quote_string(string) ⇒ String

Quotes a string, escaping any ' (single quote) and \ (backslash) chars.

Returns:

  • (String) 


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 851

def quote_string(string)
  quoted = string.gsub("'", "''")
  unless standard_conforming_strings?
    quoted.gsub!(/\\/, '\&\&')
  end
  quoted
end

#quote_table_name(name) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 890

def quote_table_name(name)
  schema, name_part = extract_pg_identifier_from_name(name.to_s)

  unless name_part
    quote_column_name(schema)
  else
    table_name, name_part = extract_pg_identifier_from_name(name_part)
    "#{quote_column_name(schema)}.#{quote_column_name(table_name)}"
  end
end

#quote_table_name_for_assignment(table, attr) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 902

def quote_table_name_for_assignment(table, attr)
  quote_column_name(attr)
end

#quoted_date(value) ⇒ Object

Quote date/time values for use in SQL input. Includes microseconds if the value is a Time responding to usec.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 914

def quoted_date(value)
  result = super
  if value.acts_like?(:time) && value.respond_to?(:usec)
    result = "#{result}.#{sprintf("%06d", value.usec)}"
  end
  result = "#{result.sub(/^-/, '')} BC" if value.year < 0
  result
end

#recreate_database(name, options = {}) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 640

def recreate_database(name, options = {})
  drop_database(name)
  create_database(name, options)
end

#release_savepoint(name = current_savepoint_name) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 357

def release_savepoint(name = current_savepoint_name)
  log("RELEASE SAVEPOINT #{name}", 'Savepoint') { super }
end

#remove_index!(table_name, index_name) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 1024

def remove_index!(table_name, index_name)
  execute "DROP INDEX #{quote_table_name(index_name)}"
end

#rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name) ⇒ Object

unless const_defined? :SchemaCreation



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 1014

def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
  execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} RENAME COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} TO #{quote_column_name(new_column_name)}"
  rename_column_indexes(table_name, column_name, new_column_name) if respond_to?(:rename_column_indexes) # AR-4.0 SchemaStatements
end

#rename_table(table_name, new_name) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 947

def rename_table(table_name, new_name)
  execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
  pk, seq = pk_and_sequence_for(new_name)
  if seq == "#{table_name}_#{pk}_seq"
    new_seq = "#{new_name}_#{pk}_seq"
    execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(seq)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_seq)}"
  end
  rename_table_indexes(table_name, new_name) if respond_to?(:rename_table_indexes) # AR-4.0 SchemaStatements
end

#reset_pk_sequence!(table, pk = nil, sequence = nil) ⇒ Object

Resets sequence to the max value of the table's primary key if present.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 415

def reset_pk_sequence!(table, pk = nil, sequence = nil)
  if ! pk || ! sequence
    default_pk, default_sequence = pk_and_sequence_for(table)
    pk ||= default_pk; sequence ||= default_sequence
  end
  if pk && sequence
    quoted_sequence = quote_column_name(sequence)

    select_value "      SELECT setval('\#{quoted_sequence}', (SELECT COALESCE(MAX(\#{quote_column_name pk})+(SELECT increment_by FROM \#{quoted_sequence}), (SELECT min_value FROM \#{quoted_sequence})) FROM \#{quote_table_name(table)}), false)\n    end_sql\n  end\nend\n", 'Reset Sequence'

#rollback_to_savepoint(name = current_savepoint_name) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 352

def rollback_to_savepoint(name = current_savepoint_name)
  log("ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT #{name}", 'Savepoint') { super }
end

#schema_creation ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/schema_creation.rb', line 37

def schema_creation
  SchemaCreation.new self
end

#schema_exists?(name) ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if schema exists.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 565

def schema_exists?(name)
  select_value("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM pg_namespace WHERE nspname = '#{name}'", 'SCHEMA').to_i > 0
end

#schema_names ⇒ Object

Returns an array of schema names.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 556

def schema_names
  select_values(
    "SELECT nspname FROM pg_namespace" <<
    " WHERE nspname !~ '^pg_.*' AND nspname NOT IN ('information_schema')" <<
    " ORDER by nspname;",
  'SCHEMA')
end

#schema_search_path ⇒ Object

Returns the active schema search path.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 605

def schema_search_path
  @schema_search_path ||= select_value('SHOW search_path', 'SCHEMA')
end

#schema_search_path=(schema_csv) ⇒ Object

Sets the schema search path to a string of comma-separated schema names. Names beginning with $ have to be quoted (e.g. $user => '$user'). See: http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/ddl-schemas.html

This should be not be called manually but set in database.yml.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 614

def schema_search_path=(schema_csv)
  if schema_csv
    execute "SET search_path TO #{schema_csv}"
    @schema_search_path = schema_csv
  end
end

#session_auth=(user) ⇒ Object

Set the authorized user for this session.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 395

def session_auth=(user)
  execute "SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION #{user}"
end

#set_client_encoding(encoding) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 67

def set_client_encoding(encoding)
  ActiveRecord::Base.logger.warn "client_encoding is set by the driver and should not be altered, ('#{encoding}' ignored)"
  ActiveRecord::Base.logger.debug "Set the 'allowEncodingChanges' driver property (e.g. using config[:properties]) if you need to override the client encoding when doing a copy."
end

#set_standard_conforming_strings ⇒ Object

Enable standard-conforming strings if available.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 255

def set_standard_conforming_strings
  self.standard_conforming_strings=(true)
end

#sql_for_insert(sql, pk, id_value, sequence_name, binds) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 516

def sql_for_insert(sql, pk, id_value, sequence_name, binds)
  unless pk
    # Extract the table from the insert sql. Yuck.
    table_ref = extract_table_ref_from_insert_sql(sql)
    pk = primary_key(table_ref) if table_ref
  end

  if pk && use_insert_returning?
    sql = "#{sql} RETURNING #{quote_column_name(pk)}"
  end

  [ sql, binds ]
end

#standard_conforming_strings=(enable) ⇒ Object

Enable standard-conforming strings if available.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 260

def standard_conforming_strings=(enable)
  client_min_messages = self.client_min_messages
  begin
    self.client_min_messages = 'panic'
    value = enable ? "on" : "off"
    execute("SET standard_conforming_strings = #{value}", 'SCHEMA')
    @standard_conforming_strings = ( value == "on" )
  rescue
    @standard_conforming_strings = :unsupported
  ensure
    self.client_min_messages = client_min_messages
  end
end

#standard_conforming_strings? ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 274

def standard_conforming_strings?
  if @standard_conforming_strings.nil?
    client_min_messages = self.client_min_messages
    begin
      self.client_min_messages = 'panic'
      value = select_one('SHOW standard_conforming_strings', 'SCHEMA')['standard_conforming_strings']
      @standard_conforming_strings = ( value == "on" )
    rescue
      @standard_conforming_strings = :unsupported
    ensure
      self.client_min_messages = client_min_messages
    end
  end
  @standard_conforming_strings == true # return false if :unsupported
end

#structure_dump ⇒ Object

Deprecated.

no longer used - handled with (AR built-in) Rake tasks



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 703

def structure_dump
  database = @config[:database]
  if database.nil?
    if @config[:url] =~ /\/([^\/]*)$/
      database = $1
    else
      raise "Could not figure out what database this url is for #{@config["url"]}"
    end
  end

  ENV['PGHOST']     = @config[:host] if @config[:host]
  ENV['PGPORT']     = @config[:port].to_s if @config[:port]
  ENV['PGPASSWORD'] = @config[:password].to_s if @config[:password]
  search_path = "--schema=#{@config[:schema_search_path]}" if @config[:schema_search_path]

  @connection.connection.close
  begin
    definition = `pg_dump -i -U "#{@config[:username]}" -s -x -O #{search_path} #{database}`
    raise "Error dumping database" if $?.exitstatus == 1

    # need to patch away any references to SQL_ASCII as it breaks the JDBC driver
    definition.gsub(/SQL_ASCII/, 'UNICODE')
  ensure
    reconnect!
  end
end

#supports_ddl_transactions? ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 314

def supports_ddl_transactions?
  true
end

#supports_disable_referential_integrity? ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 924

def supports_disable_referential_integrity?
  true
end

#supports_extensions? ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 361

def supports_extensions?
  postgresql_version >= 90200
end

#supports_hex_escaped_bytea? ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 306

def supports_hex_escaped_bytea?
  postgresql_version >= 90000
end

#supports_index_sort_order? ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 322

def supports_index_sort_order?
  true
end

#supports_insert_with_returning? ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 310

def supports_insert_with_returning?
  postgresql_version >= 80200
end

#supports_migrations? ⇒ Boolean

Does PostgreSQL support migrations?

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 291

def supports_migrations?
  true
end

#supports_partial_index? ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 326

def supports_partial_index?
  true
end

#supports_primary_key? ⇒ Boolean

Does PostgreSQL support finding primary key on non-Active Record tables?

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 296

def supports_primary_key?
  true
end

#supports_ranges? ⇒ Boolean

Range data-types weren't introduced until PostgreSQL 9.2.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 331

def supports_ranges?
  postgresql_version >= 90200
end

#supports_savepoints? ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 342

def supports_savepoints?
  true
end

#supports_standard_conforming_strings? ⇒ Boolean

Does PostgreSQL support standard conforming strings?

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 301

def supports_standard_conforming_strings?
  standard_conforming_strings?
  @standard_conforming_strings != :unsupported
end

#supports_transaction_isolation?(level = nil) ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 318

def supports_transaction_isolation?
  true
end

#table_alias_length ⇒ Object

Returns the configured supported identifier length supported by PostgreSQL, or report the default of 63 on PostgreSQL 7.x.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 401

def table_alias_length
  @table_alias_length ||= (
    postgresql_version >= 80000 ?
      select_one('SHOW max_identifier_length')['max_identifier_length'].to_i :
        63
  )
end

#table_exists?(name) ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 1081

def table_exists?(name)
  schema, table = extract_schema_and_table(name.to_s)
  return false unless table # abstract classes - nil table name

  binds = [[ nil, table.gsub(/(^"|"$)/,'') ]]
  binds << [ nil, schema ] if schema
  sql = "    SELECT COUNT(*) as table_count\n    FROM pg_tables\n    WHERE tablename = ?\n    AND schemaname = \#{schema ? \"?\" : \"ANY (current_schemas(false))\"}\n  SQL\n\n  log(sql, 'SCHEMA', binds) do\n    @connection.execute_query_raw(sql, binds).first[\"table_count\"] > 0\n  end\nend\n"

#tables(name = nil) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 1073

def tables(name = nil)
  select_values("    SELECT tablename\n    FROM pg_tables\n    WHERE schemaname = ANY (current_schemas(false))\n  SQL\nend\n", 'SCHEMA')

#type_cast(value, column, array_member = false) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 149

def type_cast(value, column, array_member = false)
  return super unless column

  case value
  when String
    return super(value, column) unless 'bytea' == column.sql_type
    value # { :value => value, :format => 1 }
  when Array
    case column.sql_type
    when 'point'
      column_class = ::ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn
      column_class.point_to_string(value)
    else
      return super(value, column) unless column.array?
      column_class = ::ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn
      column_class.array_to_string(value, column, self)
    end
  when NilClass
    if column.array? && array_member
      'NULL'
    elsif column.array?
      value
    else
      super(value, column)
    end
  when Hash
    case column.sql_type
    when 'hstore'
      column_class = ::ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn
      column_class.hstore_to_string(value)
    when 'json'
      column_class = ::ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn
      column_class.json_to_string(value)
    else super(value, column)
    end
  when IPAddr
    return super unless column.sql_type == 'inet' || column.sql_type == 'cidr'
    column_class = ::ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn
    column_class.cidr_to_string(value)
  when Range
    return super(value, column) unless /range$/ =~ column.sql_type
    column_class = ::ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn
    column_class.range_to_string(value)
  else
    super(value, column)
  end
end

#type_to_sql(type, limit = nil, precision = nil, scale = nil) ⇒ Object

Maps logical Rails types to PostgreSQL-specific data types.



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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 112

def type_to_sql(type, limit = nil, precision = nil, scale = nil)
  case type.to_sym
  when :'binary'
    # PostgreSQL doesn't support limits on binary (bytea) columns.
    # The hard limit is 1Gb, because of a 32-bit size field, and TOAST.
    case limit
    when nil, 0..0x3fffffff; super(type, nil, nil, nil)
    else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No binary type has byte size #{limit}.")
    end
  when :'text'
    # PostgreSQL doesn't support limits on text columns.
    # The hard limit is 1Gb, according to section 8.3 in the manual.
    case limit
    when nil, 0..0x3fffffff; super(type, nil, nil, nil)
    else raise(ActiveRecordError, "The limit on text can be at most 1GB - 1byte.")
    end
  when :'integer'
    return 'integer' unless limit

    case limit
      when 1, 2; 'smallint'
      when 3, 4; 'integer'
      when 5..8; 'bigint'
      else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}. Use a numeric with precision 0 instead.")
    end
  when :'datetime'
    return super unless precision

    case precision
      when 0..6; "timestamp(#{precision})"
      else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No timestamp type has precision of #{precision}. The allowed range of precision is from 0 to 6")
    end
  else
    super
  end
end

#use_insert_returning? ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/arjdbc/postgresql/adapter.rb', line 60

def use_insert_returning?
  if ( @use_insert_returning ||= nil ).nil?
    @use_insert_returning = supports_insert_with_returning?
  end
  @use_insert_returning
end