Class: CSV

Inherits:
Object
  • Object
show all
Extended by:
Forwardable
Includes:
Enumerable
Defined in:
lib/csv.rb,
lib/csv/row.rb,
lib/csv/table.rb,
lib/csv/parser.rb,
lib/csv/writer.rb,
lib/csv/match_p.rb,
lib/csv/version.rb,
lib/csv/delete_suffix.rb,
lib/csv/fields_converter.rb

Overview

This class provides a complete interface to CSV files and data. It offers tools to enable you to read and write to and from Strings or IO objects, as needed.

The most generic interface of the library is:

csv = CSV.new(string_or_io, **options)

# Reading: IO object should be open for read
csv.read # => array of rows
# or
csv.each do |row|
  # ...
end
# or
row = csv.shift

# Writing: IO object should be open for write
csv << row

There are several specialized class methods for one-statement reading or writing, described in the Specialized Methods section.

If a String is passed into ::new, it is internally wrapped into a StringIO object.

options can be used for specifying the particular CSV flavor (column separators, row separators, value quoting and so on), and for data conversion, see Data Conversion section for the description of the latter.

Specialized Methods

Reading

# From a file: all at once
arr_of_rows = CSV.read("path/to/file.csv", **options)
# iterator-style:
CSV.foreach("path/to/file.csv", **options) do |row|
  # ...
end

# From a string
arr_of_rows = CSV.parse("CSV,data,String", **options)
# or
CSV.parse("CSV,data,String", **options) do |row|
  # ...
end

Writing

# To a file
CSV.open("path/to/file.csv", "wb") do |csv|
  csv << ["row", "of", "CSV", "data"]
  csv << ["another", "row"]
  # ...
end

# To a String
csv_string = CSV.generate do |csv|
  csv << ["row", "of", "CSV", "data"]
  csv << ["another", "row"]
  # ...
end

Shortcuts

# Core extensions for converting one line
csv_string = ["CSV", "data"].to_csv   # to CSV
csv_array  = "CSV,String".parse_csv   # from CSV

# CSV() method
CSV             { |csv_out| csv_out << %w{my data here} }  # to $stdout
CSV(csv = "")   { |csv_str| csv_str << %w{my data here} }  # to a String
CSV($stderr)    { |csv_err| csv_err << %w{my data here} }  # to $stderr
CSV($stdin)     { |csv_in|  csv_in.each { |row| p row } }  # from $stdin

Data Conversion

CSV with headers

CSV allows to specify column names of CSV file, whether they are in data, or provided separately. If headers specified, reading methods return an instance of CSV::Table, consisting of CSV::Row.

# Headers are part of data
data = CSV.parse(<<~ROWS, headers: true)
  Name,Department,Salary
  Bob,Engineering,1000
  Jane,Sales,2000
  John,Management,5000
ROWS

data.class      #=> CSV::Table
data.first      #=> #<CSV::Row "Name":"Bob" "Department":"Engineering" "Salary":"1000">
data.first.to_h #=> {"Name"=>"Bob", "Department"=>"Engineering", "Salary"=>"1000"}

# Headers provided by developer
data = CSV.parse('Bob,Engeneering,1000', headers: %i[name department salary])
data.first      #=> #<CSV::Row name:"Bob" department:"Engineering" salary:"1000">

Typed data reading

CSV allows to provide a set of data converters e.g. transformations to try on input data. Converter could be a symbol from CSV::Converters constant’s keys, or lambda.

# Without any converters:
CSV.parse('Bob,2018-03-01,100')
#=> [["Bob", "2018-03-01", "100"]]

# With built-in converters:
CSV.parse('Bob,2018-03-01,100', converters: %i[numeric date])
#=> [["Bob", #<Date: 2018-03-01>, 100]]

# With custom converters:
CSV.parse('Bob,2018-03-01,100', converters: [->(v) { Time.parse(v) rescue v }])
#=> [["Bob", 2018-03-01 00:00:00 +0200, "100"]]

CSV and Character Encodings (M17n or Multilingualization)

This new CSV parser is m17n savvy. The parser works in the Encoding of the IO or String object being read from or written to. Your data is never transcoded (unless you ask Ruby to transcode it for you) and will literally be parsed in the Encoding it is in. Thus CSV will return Arrays or Rows of Strings in the Encoding of your data. This is accomplished by transcoding the parser itself into your Encoding.

Some transcoding must take place, of course, to accomplish this multiencoding support. For example, :col_sep, :row_sep, and :quote_char must be transcoded to match your data. Hopefully this makes the entire process feel transparent, since CSV’s defaults should just magically work for your data. However, you can set these values manually in the target Encoding to avoid the translation.

It’s also important to note that while all of CSV’s core parser is now Encoding agnostic, some features are not. For example, the built-in converters will try to transcode data to UTF-8 before making conversions. Again, you can provide custom converters that are aware of your Encodings to avoid this translation. It’s just too hard for me to support native conversions in all of Ruby’s Encodings.

Anyway, the practical side of this is simple: make sure IO and String objects passed into CSV have the proper Encoding set and everything should just work. CSV methods that allow you to open IO objects (CSV::foreach(), CSV::open(), CSV::read(), and CSV::readlines()) do allow you to specify the Encoding.

One minor exception comes when generating CSV into a String with an Encoding that is not ASCII compatible. There’s no existing data for CSV to use to prepare itself and thus you will probably need to manually specify the desired Encoding for most of those cases. It will try to guess using the fields in a row of output though, when using CSV::generate_line() or Array#to_csv().

I try to point out any other Encoding issues in the documentation of methods as they come up.

This has been tested to the best of my ability with all non-“dummy” Encodings Ruby ships with. However, it is brave new code and may have some bugs. Please feel free to report any issues you find with it.

Defined Under Namespace

Modules: DeleteSuffix, MatchP Classes: FieldInfo, FieldsConverter, MalformedCSVError, Parser, Row, Table, Writer

Constant Summary collapse

DateMatcher =

A Regexp used to find and convert some common Date formats.

/ \A(?: (\w+,?\s+)?\w+\s+\d{1,2},?\s+\d{2,4} |
\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} )\z /x
DateTimeMatcher =

A Regexp used to find and convert some common DateTime formats.

/ \A(?: (\w+,?\s+)?\w+\s+\d{1,2}\s+\d{1,2}:\d{1,2}:\d{1,2},?\s+\d{2,4} |
    \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}\s\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2} |
    # ISO-8601
    \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}
      (?:T\d{2}:\d{2}(?::\d{2}(?:\.\d+)?(?:[+-]\d{2}(?::\d{2})|Z)?)?)?
)\z /x
ConverterEncoding =

The encoding used by all converters.

Encoding.find("UTF-8")
Converters =

This Hash holds the built-in converters of CSV that can be accessed by name. You can select Converters with CSV.convert() or through the options Hash passed to CSV::new().

:integer

Converts any field Integer() accepts.

:float

Converts any field Float() accepts.

:numeric

A combination of :integer and :float.

:date

Converts any field Date::parse() accepts.

:date_time

Converts any field DateTime::parse() accepts.

:all

All built-in converters. A combination of :date_time and :numeric.

All built-in converters transcode field data to UTF-8 before attempting a conversion. If your data cannot be transcoded to UTF-8 the conversion will fail and the field will remain unchanged.

This Hash is intentionally left unfrozen and users should feel free to add values to it that can be accessed by all CSV objects.

To add a combo field, the value should be an Array of names. Combo fields can be nested with other combo fields.

{
  integer:   lambda { |f|
    Integer(f.encode(ConverterEncoding)) rescue f
  },
  float:     lambda { |f|
    Float(f.encode(ConverterEncoding)) rescue f
  },
  numeric:   [:integer, :float],
  date:      lambda { |f|
    begin
      e = f.encode(ConverterEncoding)
      e.match?(DateMatcher) ? Date.parse(e) : f
    rescue  # encoding conversion or date parse errors
      f
    end
  },
  date_time: lambda { |f|
    begin
      e = f.encode(ConverterEncoding)
      e.match?(DateTimeMatcher) ? DateTime.parse(e) : f
    rescue  # encoding conversion or date parse errors
      f
    end
  },
  all:       [:date_time, :numeric],
}
HeaderConverters =

This Hash holds the built-in header converters of CSV that can be accessed by name. You can select HeaderConverters with CSV.header_convert() or through the options Hash passed to CSV::new().

:downcase

Calls downcase() on the header String.

:symbol

Leading/trailing spaces are dropped, string is downcased, remaining spaces are replaced with underscores, non-word characters are dropped, and finally to_sym() is called.

All built-in header converters transcode header data to UTF-8 before attempting a conversion. If your data cannot be transcoded to UTF-8 the conversion will fail and the header will remain unchanged.

This Hash is intentionally left unfrozen and users should feel free to add values to it that can be accessed by all CSV objects.

To add a combo field, the value should be an Array of names. Combo fields can be nested with other combo fields.

{
  downcase: lambda { |h| h.encode(ConverterEncoding).downcase },
  symbol:   lambda { |h|
    h.encode(ConverterEncoding).downcase.gsub(/[^\s\w]+/, "").strip.
                                         gsub(/\s+/, "_").to_sym
  }
}
DEFAULT_OPTIONS =

The options used when no overrides are given by calling code. They are:

:col_sep

","

:row_sep

:auto

:quote_char

'"'

:field_size_limit

nil

:converters

nil

:unconverted_fields

nil

:headers

false

:return_headers

false

:header_converters

nil

:skip_blanks

false

:force_quotes

false

:skip_lines

nil

:liberal_parsing

false

:quote_empty

true

{
  col_sep:            ",",
  row_sep:            :auto,
  quote_char:         '"',
  field_size_limit:   nil,
  converters:         nil,
  unconverted_fields: nil,
  headers:            false,
  return_headers:     false,
  header_converters:  nil,
  skip_blanks:        false,
  force_quotes:       false,
  skip_lines:         nil,
  liberal_parsing:    false,
  quote_empty:        true,
}.freeze
VERSION =

The version of the installed library.

"3.1.1"

Instance Attribute Summary collapse

Class Method Summary collapse

Instance Method Summary collapse

Constructor Details

#initialize(data, col_sep: ",", row_sep: :auto, quote_char: '"', field_size_limit: nil, converters: nil, unconverted_fields: nil, headers: false, return_headers: false, write_headers: nil, header_converters: nil, skip_blanks: false, force_quotes: false, skip_lines: nil, liberal_parsing: false, internal_encoding: nil, external_encoding: nil, encoding: nil, nil_value: nil, empty_value: "", quote_empty: true, write_converters: nil, write_nil_value: nil, write_empty_value: "", strip: false) ⇒ CSV

This constructor will wrap either a String or IO object passed in data for reading and/or writing. In addition to the CSV instance methods, several IO methods are delegated. (See CSV::open() for a complete list.) If you pass a String for data, you can later retrieve it (after writing to it, for example) with CSV.string().

Note that a wrapped String will be positioned at the beginning (for reading). If you want it at the end (for writing), use CSV::generate(). If you want any other positioning, pass a preset StringIO object instead.

You may set any reading and/or writing preferences in the options Hash. Available options are:

:col_sep

The String placed between each field. This String will be transcoded into the data’s Encoding before parsing.

:row_sep

The String appended to the end of each row. This can be set to the special :auto setting, which requests that CSV automatically discover this from the data. Auto-discovery reads ahead in the data looking for the next "\r\n", "\n", or "\r" sequence. A sequence will be selected even if it occurs in a quoted field, assuming that you would have the same line endings there. If none of those sequences is found, data is ARGF, STDIN, STDOUT, or STDERR, or the stream is only available for output, the default $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR ($/) is used. Obviously, discovery takes a little time. Set manually if speed is important. Also note that IO objects should be opened in binary mode on Windows if this feature will be used as the line-ending translation can cause problems with resetting the document position to where it was before the read ahead. This String will be transcoded into the data’s Encoding before parsing.

:quote_char

The character used to quote fields. This has to be a single character String. This is useful for application that incorrectly use ' as the quote character instead of the correct ". CSV will always consider a double sequence of this character to be an escaped quote. This String will be transcoded into the data’s Encoding before parsing.

:field_size_limit

This is a maximum size CSV will read ahead looking for the closing quote for a field. (In truth, it reads to the first line ending beyond this size.) If a quote cannot be found within the limit CSV will raise a MalformedCSVError, assuming the data is faulty. You can use this limit to prevent what are effectively DoS attacks on the parser. However, this limit can cause a legitimate parse to fail and thus is set to nil, or off, by default.

:converters

An Array of names from the Converters Hash and/or lambdas that handle custom conversion. A single converter doesn’t have to be in an Array. All built-in converters try to transcode fields to UTF-8 before converting. The conversion will fail if the data cannot be transcoded, leaving the field unchanged.

:unconverted_fields

If set to true, an unconverted_fields() method will be added to all returned rows (Array or CSV::Row) that will return the fields as they were before conversion. Note that :headers supplied by Array or String were not fields of the document and thus will have an empty Array attached.

:headers

If set to :first_row or true, the initial row of the CSV file will be treated as a row of headers. If set to an Array, the contents will be used as the headers. If set to a String, the String is run through a call of CSV::parse_line() with the same :col_sep, :row_sep, and :quote_char as this instance to produce an Array of headers. This setting causes CSV#shift() to return rows as CSV::Row objects instead of Arrays and CSV#read() to return CSV::Table objects instead of an Array of Arrays.

:return_headers

When false, header rows are silently swallowed. If set to true, header rows are returned in a CSV::Row object with identical headers and fields (save that the fields do not go through the converters).

:write_headers

When true and :headers is set, a header row will be added to the output.

:header_converters

Identical in functionality to :converters save that the conversions are only made to header rows. All built-in converters try to transcode headers to UTF-8 before converting. The conversion will fail if the data cannot be transcoded, leaving the header unchanged.

:skip_blanks

When set to a true value, CSV will skip over any empty rows. Note that this setting will not skip rows that contain column separators, even if the rows contain no actual data. If you want to skip rows that contain separators but no content, consider using :skip_lines, or inspecting fields.compact.empty? on each row.

:force_quotes

When set to a true value, CSV will quote all CSV fields it creates.

:skip_lines

When set to an object responding to match, every line matching it is considered a comment and ignored during parsing. When set to a String, it is first converted to a Regexp. When set to nil no line is considered a comment. If the passed object does not respond to match, ArgumentError is thrown.

:liberal_parsing

When set to a true value, CSV will attempt to parse input not conformant with RFC 4180, such as double quotes in unquoted fields.

:nil_value

When set an object, any values of an empty field are replaced by the set object, not nil.

:empty_value

When set an object, any values of a blank string field is replaced by the set object.

:quote_empty

When set to a true value, CSV will quote empty values with double quotes. When false, CSV will emit an empty string for an empty field value.

:write_converters

Converts values on each line with the specified Proc object(s), which receive a String value and return a String or nil value. When an array is specified, each converter will be applied in order.

:write_nil_value

When a String value, nil value(s) on each line will be replaced with the specified value.

:write_empty_value

When a String or nil value, empty value(s) on each line will be replaced with the specified value.

:strip

When set to a true value, CSV will strip “trnfv” around the values. If you specify a string instead of true, CSV will strip string. The length of string must be 1.

See CSV::DEFAULT_OPTIONS for the default settings.

Options cannot be overridden in the instance methods for performance reasons, so be sure to set what you want here.

Raises:

  • (ArgumentError) 


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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 915

def initialize(data,
               col_sep: ",",
               row_sep: :auto,
               quote_char: '"',
               field_size_limit: nil,
               converters: nil,
               unconverted_fields: nil,
               headers: false,
               return_headers: false,
               write_headers: nil,
               header_converters: nil,
               skip_blanks: false,
               force_quotes: false,
               skip_lines: nil,
               liberal_parsing: false,
               internal_encoding: nil,
               external_encoding: nil,
               encoding: nil,
               nil_value: nil,
               empty_value: "",
               quote_empty: true,
               write_converters: nil,
               write_nil_value: nil,
               write_empty_value: "",
               strip: false)
  raise ArgumentError.new("Cannot parse nil as CSV") if data.nil?

  # create the IO object we will read from
  @io = data.is_a?(String) ? StringIO.new(data) : data
  @encoding = determine_encoding(encoding, internal_encoding)

  @base_fields_converter_options = {
    nil_value: nil_value,
    empty_value: empty_value,
  }
  @write_fields_converter_options = {
    nil_value: write_nil_value,
    empty_value: write_empty_value,
  }
  @initial_converters = converters
  @initial_header_converters = header_converters
  @initial_write_converters = write_converters

  @parser_options = {
    column_separator: col_sep,
    row_separator: row_sep,
    quote_character: quote_char,
    field_size_limit: field_size_limit,
    unconverted_fields: unconverted_fields,
    headers: headers,
    return_headers: return_headers,
    skip_blanks: skip_blanks,
    skip_lines: skip_lines,
    liberal_parsing: liberal_parsing,
    encoding: @encoding,
    nil_value: nil_value,
    empty_value: empty_value,
    strip: strip,
  }
  @parser = nil
  @parser_enumerator = nil
  @eof_error = nil

  @writer_options = {
    encoding: @encoding,
    force_encoding: (not encoding.nil?),
    force_quotes: force_quotes,
    headers: headers,
    write_headers: write_headers,
    column_separator: col_sep,
    row_separator: row_sep,
    quote_character: quote_char,
    quote_empty: quote_empty,
  }

  @writer = nil
  writer if @writer_options[:write_headers]
end

Instance Attribute Details

#encoding ⇒ Object (readonly)

The Encoding CSV is parsing or writing in. This will be the Encoding you receive parsed data in and/or the Encoding data will be written in.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1110

def encoding
  @encoding
end

Class Method Details

.filter(input = nil, output = nil, **options) ⇒ Object

:call-seq:

filter( **options ) { |row| ... }
filter( input, **options ) { |row| ... }
filter( input, output, **options ) { |row| ... }

This method is a convenience for building Unix-like filters for CSV data. Each row is yielded to the provided block which can alter it as needed. After the block returns, the row is appended to output altered or not.

The input and output arguments can be anything CSV::new() accepts (generally String or IO objects). If not given, they default to ARGF and $stdout.

The options parameter is also filtered down to CSV::new() after some clever key parsing. Any key beginning with :in_ or :input_ will have that leading identifier stripped and will only be used in the options Hash for the input object. Keys starting with :out_ or :output_ affect only output. All other keys are assigned to both objects.

The :output_row_sep option defaults to $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR ($/).



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 468

def self.filter(input=nil, output=nil, **options)
  # parse options for input, output, or both
  in_options, out_options = Hash.new, {row_sep: $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR}
  options.each do |key, value|
    case key.to_s
    when /\Ain(?:put)?_(.+)\Z/
      in_options[$1.to_sym] = value
    when /\Aout(?:put)?_(.+)\Z/
      out_options[$1.to_sym] = value
    else
      in_options[key]  = value
      out_options[key] = value
    end
  end
  # build input and output wrappers
  input  = new(input  || ARGF,    in_options)
  output = new(output || $stdout, out_options)

  # read, yield, write
  input.each do |row|
    yield row
    output << row
  end
end

.foreach(path, mode = "r", **options, &block) ⇒ Object

This method is intended as the primary interface for reading CSV files. You pass a path and any options you wish to set for the read. Each row of file will be passed to the provided block in turn.

The options parameter can be anything CSV::new() understands. This method also understands an additional :encoding parameter that you can use to specify the Encoding of the data in the file to be read. You must provide this unless your data is in Encoding::default_external(). CSV will use this to determine how to parse the data. You may provide a second Encoding to have the data transcoded as it is read. For example, encoding: "UTF-32BE:UTF-8" would read UTF-32BE data from the file but transcode it to UTF-8 before CSV parses it.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 507

def self.foreach(path, mode="r", **options, &block)
  return to_enum(__method__, path, mode, options) unless block_given?
  open(path, mode, options) do |csv|
    csv.each(&block)
  end
end

.generate(str = nil, **options) {|csv| ... } ⇒ Object

:call-seq:

generate( str, **options ) { |csv| ... }
generate( **options ) { |csv| ... }

This method wraps a String you provide, or an empty default String, in a CSV object which is passed to the provided block. You can use the block to append CSV rows to the String and when the block exits, the final String will be returned.

Note that a passed String is modified by this method. Call dup() before passing if you need a new String.

The options parameter can be anything CSV::new() understands. This method understands an additional :encoding parameter when not passed a String to set the base Encoding for the output. CSV needs this hint if you plan to output non-ASCII compatible data.

Yields:

  • (csv) 


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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 532

def self.generate(str=nil, **options)
  # add a default empty String, if none was given
  if str
    str = StringIO.new(str)
    str.seek(0, IO::SEEK_END)
  else
    encoding = options[:encoding]
    str = +""
    str.force_encoding(encoding) if encoding
  end
  csv = new(str, options) # wrap
  yield csv         # yield for appending
  csv.string        # return final String
end

.generate_line(row, **options) ⇒ Object

This method is a shortcut for converting a single row (Array) into a CSV String.

The options parameter can be anything CSV::new() understands. This method understands an additional :encoding parameter to set the base Encoding for the output. This method will try to guess your Encoding from the first non-nil field in row, if possible, but you may need to use this parameter as a backup plan.

The :row_sep option defaults to $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR ($/) when calling this method.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 560

def self.generate_line(row, **options)
  options = {row_sep: $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR}.merge(options)
  str = +""
  if options[:encoding]
    str.force_encoding(options[:encoding])
  elsif field = row.find {|f| f.is_a?(String)}
    str.force_encoding(field.encoding)
  end
  (new(str, options) << row).string
end

.instance(data = $stdout, **options) ⇒ Object

This method will return a CSV instance, just like CSV::new(), but the instance will be cached and returned for all future calls to this method for the same data object (tested by Object#object_id()) with the same options.

If a block is given, the instance is passed to the block and the return value becomes the return value of the block.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 428

def self.instance(data = $stdout, **options)
  # create a _signature_ for this method call, data object and options
  sig = [data.object_id] +
        options.values_at(*DEFAULT_OPTIONS.keys.sort_by { |sym| sym.to_s })

  # fetch or create the instance for this signature
  @@instances ||= Hash.new
  instance = (@@instances[sig] ||= new(data, options))

  if block_given?
    yield instance  # run block, if given, returning result
  else
    instance        # or return the instance
  end
end

.open(filename, mode = "r", **options) ⇒ Object

:call-seq:

open( filename, mode = "rb", **options ) { |faster_csv| ... }
open( filename, **options ) { |faster_csv| ... }
open( filename, mode = "rb", **options )
open( filename, **options )

This method opens an IO object, and wraps that with CSV. This is intended as the primary interface for writing a CSV file.

You must pass a filename and may optionally add a mode for Ruby’s open(). You may also pass an optional Hash containing any options CSV::new() understands as the final argument.

This method works like Ruby’s open() call, in that it will pass a CSV object to a provided block and close it when the block terminates, or it will return the CSV object when no block is provided. (Note: This is different from the Ruby 1.8 CSV library which passed rows to the block. Use CSV::foreach() for that behavior.)

You must provide a mode with an embedded Encoding designator unless your data is in Encoding::default_external(). CSV will check the Encoding of the underlying IO object (set by the mode you pass) to determine how to parse the data. You may provide a second Encoding to have the data transcoded as it is read just as you can with a normal call to IO::open(). For example, "rb:UTF-32BE:UTF-8" would read UTF-32BE data from the file but transcode it to UTF-8 before CSV parses it.

An opened CSV object will delegate to many IO methods for convenience. You may call:

  • binmode()

  • binmode?()

  • close()

  • close_read()

  • close_write()

  • closed?()

  • eof()

  • eof?()

  • external_encoding()

  • fcntl()

  • fileno()

  • flock()

  • flush()

  • fsync()

  • internal_encoding()

  • ioctl()

  • isatty()

  • path()

  • pid()

  • pos()

  • pos=()

  • reopen()

  • seek()

  • stat()

  • sync()

  • sync=()

  • tell()

  • to_i()

  • to_io()

  • truncate()

  • tty?()



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 634

def self.open(filename, mode="r", **options)
  # wrap a File opened with the remaining +args+ with no newline
  # decorator
  file_opts = {universal_newline: false}.merge(options)

  begin
    f = File.open(filename, mode, file_opts)
  rescue ArgumentError => e
    raise unless /needs binmode/.match?(e.message) and mode == "r"
    mode = "rb"
    file_opts = {encoding: Encoding.default_external}.merge(file_opts)
    retry
  end
  begin
    csv = new(f, options)
  rescue Exception
    f.close
    raise
  end

  # handle blocks like Ruby's open(), not like the CSV library
  if block_given?
    begin
      yield csv
    ensure
      csv.close
    end
  else
    csv
  end
end

.parse(*args, &block) ⇒ Object

:call-seq:

parse( str, **options ) { |row| ... }
parse( str, **options )

This method can be used to easily parse CSV out of a String. You may either provide a block which will be called with each row of the String in turn, or just use the returned Array of Arrays (when no block is given).

You pass your str to read from, and an optional options containing anything CSV::new() understands.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 678

def self.parse(*args, &block)
  csv = new(*args)

  return csv.each(&block) if block_given?

  # slurp contents, if no block is given
  begin
    csv.read
  ensure
    csv.close
  end
end

.parse_line(line, **options) ⇒ Object

This method is a shortcut for converting a single line of a CSV String into an Array. Note that if line contains multiple rows, anything beyond the first row is ignored.

The options parameter can be anything CSV::new() understands.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 698

def self.parse_line(line, **options)
  new(line, options).shift
end

.read(path, *options) ⇒ Object

Use to slurp a CSV file into an Array of Arrays. Pass the path to the file and any options CSV::new() understands. This method also understands an additional :encoding parameter that you can use to specify the Encoding of the data in the file to be read. You must provide this unless your data is in Encoding::default_external(). CSV will use this to determine how to parse the data. You may provide a second Encoding to have the data transcoded as it is read. For example, encoding: "UTF-32BE:UTF-8" would read UTF-32BE data from the file but transcode it to UTF-8 before CSV parses it.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 713

def self.read(path, *options)
  open(path, *options) { |csv| csv.read }
end

.readlines(*args) ⇒ Object

Alias for CSV::read().



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 718

def self.readlines(*args)
  read(*args)
end

.table(path, **options) ⇒ Object

A shortcut for:

CSV.read( path, { headers:           true,
                  converters:        :numeric,
                  header_converters: :symbol }.merge(options) )



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 729

def self.table(path, **options)
  read( path, { headers:           true,
                converters:        :numeric,
                header_converters: :symbol }.merge(options) )
end

Instance Method Details

#<<(row) ⇒ Object Also known as: add_row, puts

The primary write method for wrapped Strings and IOs, row (an Array or CSV::Row) is converted to CSV and appended to the data source. When a CSV::Row is passed, only the row’s fields() are appended to the output.

The data source must be open for writing.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1209

def <<(row)
  writer << row
  self
end

#binmode? ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1141

def binmode?
  if @io.respond_to?(:binmode?)
    @io.binmode?
  else
    false
  end
end

#col_sep ⇒ Object

The encoded :col_sep used in parsing and writing. See CSV::new for details.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 998

def col_sep
  parser.column_separator
end

#convert(name = nil, &converter) ⇒ Object

:call-seq:

convert( name )
convert { |field| ... }
convert { |field, field_info| ... }

You can use this method to install a CSV::Converters built-in, or provide a block that handles a custom conversion.

If you provide a block that takes one argument, it will be passed the field and is expected to return the converted value or the field itself. If your block takes two arguments, it will also be passed a CSV::FieldInfo Struct, containing details about the field. Again, the block should return a converted field or the field itself.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1231

def convert(name = nil, &converter)
  parser_fields_converter.add_converter(name, &converter)
end

#converters ⇒ Object

Returns the current list of converters in effect. See CSV::new for details. Built-in converters will be returned by name, while others will be returned as is.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1033

def converters
  parser_fields_converter.map do |converter|
    name = Converters.rassoc(converter)
    name ? name.first : converter
  end
end

#each(&block) ⇒ Object

Yields each row of the data source in turn.

Support for Enumerable.

The data source must be open for reading.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1259

def each(&block)
  parser_enumerator.each(&block)
end

#eof? ⇒ Boolean Also known as: eof

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1177

def eof?
  return false if @eof_error
  begin
    parser_enumerator.peek
    false
  rescue MalformedCSVError => error
    @eof_error = error
    false
  rescue StopIteration
    true
  end
end

#field_size_limit ⇒ Object

The limit for field size, if any. See CSV::new for details.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1019

def field_size_limit
  parser.field_size_limit
end

#flock(*args) ⇒ Object

Raises:

  • (NotImplementedError) 


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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1149

def flock(*args)
  raise NotImplementedError unless @io.respond_to?(:flock)
  @io.flock(*args)
end

#force_quotes? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if all output fields are quoted. See CSV::new for details.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1097

def force_quotes?
  @writer_options[:force_quotes]
end

#header_convert(name = nil, &converter) ⇒ Object

:call-seq:

header_convert( name )
header_convert { |field| ... }
header_convert { |field, field_info| ... }

Identical to CSV#convert(), but for header rows.

Note that this method must be called before header rows are read to have any effect.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1246

def header_convert(name = nil, &converter)
  header_fields_converter.add_converter(name, &converter)
end

#header_converters ⇒ Object

Returns the current list of converters in effect for headers. See CSV::new for details. Built-in converters will be returned by name, while others will be returned as is.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1081

def header_converters
  header_fields_converter.map do |converter|
    name = HeaderConverters.rassoc(converter)
    name ? name.first : converter
  end
end

#header_row? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if the next row read will be a header row.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1279

def header_row?
  parser.header_row?
end

#headers ⇒ Object

Returns nil if headers will not be used, true if they will but have not yet been read, or the actual headers after they have been read. See CSV::new for details.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1052

def headers
  if @writer
    @writer.headers
  else
    parsed_headers = parser.headers
    return parsed_headers if parsed_headers
    raw_headers = @parser_options[:headers]
    raw_headers = nil if raw_headers == false
    raw_headers
  end
end

#inspect ⇒ Object

Returns a simplified description of the key CSV attributes in an ASCII compatible String.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1308

def inspect
  str = ["<#", self.class.to_s, " io_type:"]
  # show type of wrapped IO
  if    @io == $stdout then str << "$stdout"
  elsif @io == $stdin  then str << "$stdin"
  elsif @io == $stderr then str << "$stderr"
  else                      str << @io.class.to_s
  end
  # show IO.path(), if available
  if @io.respond_to?(:path) and (p = @io.path)
    str << " io_path:" << p.inspect
  end
  # show encoding
  str << " encoding:" << @encoding.name
  # show other attributes
  ["lineno", "col_sep", "row_sep", "quote_char"].each do |attr_name|
    if a = __send__(attr_name)
      str << " " << attr_name << ":" << a.inspect
    end
  end
  ["skip_blanks", "liberal_parsing"].each do |attr_name|
    if a = __send__("#{attr_name}?")
      str << " " << attr_name << ":" << a.inspect
    end
  end
  _headers = headers
  str << " headers:" << _headers.inspect if _headers
  str << ">"
  begin
    str.join('')
  rescue  # any encoding error
    str.map do |s|
      e = Encoding::Converter.asciicompat_encoding(s.encoding)
      e ? s.encode(e) : s.force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
    end.join('')
  end
end

#ioctl(*args) ⇒ Object

Raises:

  • (NotImplementedError) 


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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1154

def ioctl(*args)
  raise NotImplementedError unless @io.respond_to?(:ioctl)
  @io.ioctl(*args)
end

#liberal_parsing? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if illegal input is handled. See CSV::new for details.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1102

def liberal_parsing?
  parser.liberal_parsing?
end

#line ⇒ Object

The last row read from this file.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1127

def line
  parser.line
end

#lineno ⇒ Object

The line number of the last row read from this file. Fields with nested line-end characters will not affect this count.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1116

def lineno
  if @writer
    @writer.lineno
  else
    parser.lineno
  end
end

#path ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1159

def path
  @io.path if @io.respond_to?(:path)
end

#quote_char ⇒ Object

The encoded :quote_char used in parsing and writing. See CSV::new for details.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1014

def quote_char
  parser.quote_character
end

#read ⇒ Object Also known as: readlines

Slurps the remaining rows and returns an Array of Arrays.

The data source must be open for reading.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1268

def read
  rows = to_a
  if parser.use_headers?
    Table.new(rows, headers: parser.headers)
  else
    rows
  end
end

#return_headers? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if headers will be returned as a row of results. See CSV::new for details.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1067

def return_headers?
  parser.return_headers?
end

#rewind ⇒ Object

Rewinds the underlying IO object and resets CSV’s lineno() counter.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1192

def rewind
  @parser = nil
  @parser_enumerator = nil
  @eof_error = nil
  @writer.rewind if @writer
  @io.rewind
end

#row_sep ⇒ Object

The encoded :row_sep used in parsing and writing. See CSV::new for details.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1006

def row_sep
  parser.row_separator
end

#shift ⇒ Object Also known as: gets, readline

The primary read method for wrapped Strings and IOs, a single row is pulled from the data source, parsed and returned as an Array of fields (if header rows are not used) or a CSV::Row (when header rows are used).

The data source must be open for reading.



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1290

def shift
  if @eof_error
    eof_error, @eof_error = @eof_error, nil
    raise eof_error
  end
  begin
    parser_enumerator.next
  rescue StopIteration
    nil
  end
end

#skip_blanks? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true blank lines are skipped by the parser. See CSV::new for details.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1092

def skip_blanks?
  parser.skip_blanks?
end

#skip_lines ⇒ Object

The regex marking a line as a comment. See CSV::new for details



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1024

def skip_lines
  parser.skip_lines
end

#stat(*args) ⇒ Object

Raises:

  • (NotImplementedError) 


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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1163

def stat(*args)
  raise NotImplementedError unless @io.respond_to?(:stat)
  @io.stat(*args)
end

#to_i ⇒ Object

Raises:

  • (NotImplementedError) 


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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1168

def to_i
  raise NotImplementedError unless @io.respond_to?(:to_i)
  @io.to_i
end

#to_io ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1173

def to_io
  @io.respond_to?(:to_io) ? @io.to_io : @io
end

#unconverted_fields? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if unconverted_fields() to parsed results. See CSV::new for details.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1043

def unconverted_fields?
  parser.unconverted_fields?
end

#write_headers? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if headers are written in output. See CSV::new for details.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/csv.rb', line 1072

def write_headers?
  @writer_options[:write_headers]
end