Dentaku

DESCRIPTION

Dentaku is a parser and evaluator for a mathematical and logical formula language that allows run-time binding of values to variables referenced in the formulas. It is intended to safely evaluate untrusted expressions without opening security holes.

EXAMPLE

This is probably simplest to illustrate in code:

calculator = Dentaku::Calculator.new
calculator.evaluate('10 * 2')
#=> 20

Okay, not terribly exciting. But what if you want to have a reference to a variable, and evaluate it at run-time? Here's how that would look:

calculator.evaluate('kiwi + 5', kiwi: 2)
#=> 7

You can also store the variable values in the calculator's memory and then evaluate expressions against those stored values:

calculator.store(peaches: 15)
calculator.evaluate('peaches - 5')
#=> 10
calculator.evaluate('peaches >= 15')
#=> true

For maximum CS geekery, bind is an alias of store.

Dentaku understands precedence order and using parentheses to group expressions to ensure proper evaluation:

calculator.evaluate('5 + 3 * 2')
#=> 11
calculator.evaluate('(5 + 3) * 2')
#=> 16

The evalutate method will return nil if there is an error in the formula. If this is not the desired behavior, use evaluate!, which will raise an exception.

calculator.evaluate('10 * x')
#=> nil
calculator.evaluate!('10 * x')
Dentaku::UnboundVariableError: Dentaku::UnboundVariableError

A number of functions are also supported. Okay, the number is currently five, but more will be added soon. The current functions are if, not, round, rounddown, and roundup, and they work like their counterparts in Excel:

calculator.evaluate('if (pears < 10, 10, 20)', pears: 5)
#=> 10
calculator.evaluate('if (pears < 10, 10, 20)', pears: 15)
#=> 20

round, rounddown, and roundup can be called with or without the number of decimal places:

calculator.evaluate('round(8.2)')
#=> 8
calculator.evaluate('round(8.2759, 2)')
#=> 8.28

round and rounddown round down, while roundup rounds up.

If you're too lazy to be building calculator objects, there's a shortcut just for you:

Dentaku('plums * 1.5', plums: 2)
#=> 3.0

BUILT-IN OPERATORS AND FUNCTIONS

Math: + - * / %

Logic: < > <= >= <> != = AND OR

Functions: IF NOT ROUND ROUNDDOWN ROUNDUP

RESOLVING DEPENDENCIES

If your formulas rely on one another, they may need to be resolved in a particular order. For example:

calc = Dentaku::Calculator.new
calc.store(monthly_income: 50)
need_to_compute = {
  income_taxes: "annual_income / 5",
  annual_income: "monthly_income * 12"
}

In the example, annual_income needs to be computed (and stored) before income_taxes.

Dentaku provides two methods to help resolve formulas in order`:

Calculator.dependencies

Pass a (string) expression to Dependencies and get back a list of variables (as :symbols) that are required for the expression. Dependencies also takes into account variables already (explicitly) stored into the calculator.

calc.dependencies("monthly_income * 12")
#=> []
# (since monthly_income is in memory)

calc.dependencies("annual_income / 5")
#=> [:annual_income]

Calculator.solve!

Have Dentaku figure out the order in which your formulas need to be evaluated.

Pass in a hash of "expression" to solve! and have Dentaku figure out dependencies (using TSort) for you.

Raises TSort::Cyclic when a valid expression order cannot be found.

calc = Dentaku::Calculator.new
calc.store(monthly_income: 50)
need_to_compute = {
  income_taxes: "annual_income / 5",
  annual_income: "monthly_income * 12"
}
calc.solve!(need_to_compute)
#=> {annual_income: 600, income_taxes: 120}

calc.solve!(
  make_money: "have_money",
  have_money: "make_money"
}
#=> raises TSort::Cyclic

EXTERNAL FUNCTIONS

I don't know everything, so I might not have implemented all the functions you need. Please implement your favorites and send a pull request! Okay, so maybe that's not feasible because:

You can't be bothered to share
You can't wait for me to respond to a pull request, you need it NOW()
The formula is the secret sauce for your startup

Whatever your reasons, Dentaku supports adding functions at runtime. To add a function, you'll need to specify:

Name
Return type
Signature
Body

Naming can be the hardest part, so you're on your own for that.

:type specifies the type of value that will be returned, most likely :numeric, :string, or :logical.

:signature specifies the types and order of the parameters for your function.

:body is a lambda that implements your function. It is passed the arguments and should return the calculated value.

As an example, the exponentiation function takes two parameters, the mantissa and the exponent, so the token list could be defined as: [:numeric, :numeric]. Other functions might be variadic -- consider max, a function that takes any number of numeric inputs and returns the largest one. Its token list could be defined as: [:arguments] (one or more numeric, string, or logical values, separated by commas). See the rules definitions for the names of token patterns you can use.

Functions can be added individually using Calculator#add_function, or en masse using Calculator#add_functions.

Here's an example of adding the exp function:

> c = Dentaku::Calculator.new
> c.add_function(
    name: :exp,
    type: :numeric,
    signature: [:numeric, :numeric],
    body: ->(mantissa, exponent) { mantissa ** exponent }
  )
> c.evaluate('EXP(3,2)')
#=> 9
> c.evaluate('EXP(2,3)')
#=> 8

Here's an example of adding the max function:

> c = Dentaku::Calculator.new
> c.add_function(
    name: :max,
    type: :numeric,
    signature: [:arguments],
    body: ->(*args) { args.max }
  )
> c.evaluate 'MAX(8,6,7,5,3,0,9)'
#=> 9

THANKS

Big thanks to ElkStone Basements for allowing me to extract and open source this code. Thanks also to all the contributors:

LICENSE

(The MIT License)

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the ‘Software’), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ‘AS IS’, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.