ActiveRecord::Turntable <img src=“https://secure.travis-ci.org/drecom/activerecord-turntable.png” />

ActiveRecord::Turntable is a database sharding extension for ActiveRecord.

Dependencies

activerecord(>=3.0.0)

Supported Database

Currently supports mysql only.

Installation

Add ‘activerecord-turntable’ to Gemfile:

gem 'activerecord-turntable', '1.0.1'

Run a bundle install:

bundle install

Run install generator:

bundle exec rails g active_record:turntable:install

generator creates Rails.root/config/turntable.yml

ActiveRecord::Turntable terms

  • Shard

  • Cluster - a cluster of shards.

  • Master - default ActiveRecord::Base’s connection

  • Sequencer - a module that creates global sequence number

Example

Example Databases Structure

one main database(default ActiveRecord::Base connection) and three user databases sharded by user_id.

                       +-------+
                       |  App  |
                       +-------+
                           |
     +---------+-----------+---------+---------+
     |         |           |         |         |
+--------+ +---------+ +-------+ +-------+ +-------+
| Master | |Sequencer| |UserDB1| |UserDB2| |UserDB3|
+--------+ +---------+ +-------+ +-------+ +-------+

Example Configuration

Edit turntable.yml and database.yml. See below example config.

example turntable.yml:

development:
  clusters:
    user_cluster: # <-- cluster name
      algorithm: range # <-- only range or range_bsearch sharding is supported currently.
      seq:
        connection: user_seq_1
      shards:
        - connection: user_shard_1 # <-- shard name
          less_than: 100           # <-- shard range(like mysql partitioning)
        - connection: user_shard_2
          less_than: 200
        - connection: user_shard_3
          less_than: 2000000000

database.yml:

connection_spec: &spec
  adapter: mysql2
  encoding: utf8
  reconnect: false
  pool: 5
  username: root
  password: root
  socket: /tmp/mysql.sock

development:
  <<: *spec
  database: sample_app_development
  seq: # <-- sequence definition
    user_seq_1:
      <<: *spec
      database: sample_app_user_seq_development
  shards: # <-- shards definition
    user_shard_1:
      <<: *spec
      database: sample_app_user1_development
    user_shard_2:
      <<: *spec
      database: sample_app_user2_development
    user_shard_3:
      <<: *spec
      database: sample_app_user3_development

Migration Example

Generate a model:

bundle exec rails g model user name:string

Edit migration file:

class CreateUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
  clusters :user_cluster # <-- the cluster that executes migration

  def change
    create_table :users do |t|
      t.string :name
      t.timestamps
    end
    create_sequence_for(:users)
  end
end

then please execute rake tasks:

bundle exec rake db:create
bundle exec rake db:migrate

Those rake tasks would be executed to shards too.

Model Example

add turntable [shard_key_name] to the model class:

class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  turntable :user_cluster, :id
  sequencer
  has_one :status
end

class Status < ActiveRecord::Base
  turntable :user_cluster, :user_id
  sequencer
  belongs_to :user
end

Usage

Create

> User.create(name: "hoge")
  (0.0ms) [Shard: user_seq_1] BEGIN
  (0.3ms) [Shard: user_seq_1] UPDATE `users_id_seq` SET id=LAST_INSERT_ID(id+1)
  (0.8ms) [Shard: user_seq_1] COMMIT
  (0.1ms) [Shard: user_seq_1] SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID()
  (0.1ms) [Shard: user_shard_1] BEGIN
[ActiveRecord::Turntable] Sending method: insert, sql: #<Arel::InsertManager:0x007f8503685b48>, shards: ["user_shard_1"]
  SQL (0.8ms) [Shard: user_shard_1] INSERT INTO `users` (`created_at`, `id`, `name`, `updated_at`) VALUES ('2012-04-10 03:59:42', 2, 'hoge', '2012-04-10 03:59:42')
  (0.4ms) [Shard: user_shard_1] COMMIT
=> #<User id: 2, name: "hoge", created_at: "2012-04-10 03:59:42", updated_at: "2012-04-10 03:59:42">

Retrieve

> user = User.find(2)
[ActiveRecord::Turntable] Sending method: select_all, sql: #<Arel::SelectManager:0x007f850466e668>, shards: ["user_shard_1"]
  User Load (0.3ms) [Shard: user_shard_1] SELECT `users`.* FROM `users` WHERE `users`.`id` = 2 LIMIT 1
=> #<User id: 2, name: "hoge", created_at: "2012-04-10 03:59:42", updated_at: "2012-04-10 03:59:42">

Update

> user.update_attributes(name: "hogefoo")
  (0.1ms) [Shard: user_shard_1] BEGIN
[ActiveRecord::Turntable] Sending method: update, sql: UPDATE `users` SET `name` = 'hogefoo', `updated_at` = '2012-04-10 04:07:52' WHERE `users`.`id` = 2, shards: ["user_shard_1"]
  (0.3ms) [Shard: user_shard_1] UPDATE `users` SET `name` = 'hogefoo', `updated_at` = '2012-04-10 04:07:52' WHERE `users`.`id` = 2
  (0.8ms) [Shard: user_shard_1] COMMIT
=> true

Delete

> user.destroy
  (0.2ms) [Shard: user_shard_1] BEGIN
[ActiveRecord::Turntable] Sending method: delete, sql: #<Arel::DeleteManager:0x007f8503677ea8>, shards: ["user_shard_1"]
  SQL (0.3ms) [Shard: user_shard_1] DELETE FROM `users` WHERE `users`.`id` = 2
  (1.7ms) [Shard: user_shard_1] COMMIT
=> #<User id: 2, name: "hogefoo", created_at: "2012-04-10 03:59:42", updated_at: "2012-04-10 04:07:52">

Count

> User.count
[ActiveRecord::Turntable] Sending method: select_value, sql: #<Arel::SelectManager:0x007f9e82ccebb0>, shards: ["user_shard_1", "user_shard_2", "user_shard_3"]
   (0.8ms) [Shard: user_shard_1] SELECT COUNT(*) FROM `users`
   (0.3ms) [Shard: user_shard_2] SELECT COUNT(*) FROM `users`
   (0.2ms) [Shard: user_shard_3] SELECT COUNT(*) FROM `users`
=> 1

Sequencer

Sequencer provides generating global IDs.

Add below to the migration:

create_sequence_for(:users) # <-- this line creates sequence table

This will creates sequence table.

Next, add sequencer to the model:

class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  turntable :id
  sequencer # <-- this line enables sequencer module
  has_one :status
end

Transaction

> user = User.find(2)
> user3 = User.create(name: "hoge3")
> User.shards_transaction([user, user3]) do
>   user.name  = "hogehoge"
>   user3.name = "hogehoge3"
>   user.save!
>   user3.save!
> end

Send query to a specific shard.

use with_shard method:

AR::Base.connection.with_shard(shard1) do
  # something queries to shard1
end

To access shard objects, use below:

  • AR::Base.connection.shards # {shard_name => shard_obj,.…}

  • AR::Base#turntable_shard

  • AR::Base.connection.select_shard(shard_key_value) #=> shard

Send query to all shards

use with_all method:

User.connection.with_all do
  User.order("created_at DESC").limit(3).all
end

Migration

If you specify cluster or shard, migration will be executed to the cluster(or shard) and master database.

to specify cluster:

class CreateUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
  clusters :user_cluster
  ....
end

to specify shard:

class CreateUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
  shards :user_shard_01
  ....
end

if you would like to execute a migration to all databases in the environments, use :all symbol:

class CreateUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
  clusters :all
  ....
end

Connection Management

Rails’s ConnectionManagement middleware keeps ActiveRecord’s connection during the process is alive, but Turntable keeps more connections. This may cause flooding max connections on your database. So, we made a middleware that disconnects on each request. To use turntable’s ConnectionManagement middleware, add below line to your initializer.

app.middleware.swap ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement, ActiveRecord::Turntable::Rack::ConnectionManagement

Inability

  • Queries includes “ORDER BY”, “GROUP BY” and “LIMIT” clauses cannot be distributed.

  • “has many through” and “habtm” relationships causes wrong results. ex) User-Friend-User relation

Thanks to

ConnectionProxy, Distributed Migration implementation is inspired by Octopus and DataFabric.

License

activerecord-turntable is released under the MIT license:

Copyright © 2012 Drecom Co.,Ltd.

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.