The tools to ease lazy attribute implementation

Overview

Этот текст можно прочитать на русском языке: README-ru.md.

A lazy attribute is an accessor method that performs some computation the first time it is called, memoizes the result into an instance variable, and returns the result. Example:

class Person
  # @return [String]
  attr_accessor :first_name, :last_name

  attr_writer :full_name, :is_admin

  def initialize(attrs = {})
    attrs.each { |k, v| public_send("#{k}=", v) }
  end

  # @return [String]
  def full_name
    @full_name ||= begin
      [first_name, last_name].compact.join(" ").strip
    end
  end

  # @return [Boolean]
  def is_admin
    return @is_admin if defined? @is_admin
    @is_admin = !!full_name.match(/admin/i)
  end
end

Methods #full_name и #is_admin are lazy attributes.

What does AttrMagic provide?

For classes that have lazy attributes, AttrMagic provides:

  1. #igetset and #igetwrite for simple memoization of any values, including false and nil.
  2. #require_attr to validate attributes which are required by the given computation.

Setup

Add to your project's Gemfile:

gem "attr_magic"
#gem "attr_magic", git: "https://github.com/dadooda/attr_magic"

Usage example

To use feature, let's load it into a class:

class Person
   AttrMagic.load(self)
   …
end

AttrMagic methods are now available in the Person class. Let's see how we can use them.

#igetset

In the example above, method #full_name memoizes the result with the ||= operator. This suits us, because the result of the computation is a string.

As to #is_admin, its much more verbose: the result can be false, thus operator ||= won't work.

Both methods can be written using #igetset:

class Person
  …
  def full_name
    igetset(__method__) { [first_name, last_name].compact.join(" ").strip }
  end

  def is_admin
    igetset(__method__) { !!full_name.match(/admin/i) }
  end
end

Now our methods are short, uniform, and easy to read.

Also, the computation in #is_admin is clearly visible, whereas previously it was obscured by repetitions of is_admin inside the method already named by this word.

#require_attr

In the example above, method #first_name returns an empty string even if attributes first_name and last_name are unassigned or blank.

Such behavior cannot be considered completely sane. Most likely, the result of #full_name will be displayed in the info block about a person or be used when addressing a person. An empty string, even “legitimately” computed, may cause confusion.

Of course, it's not the Person instance's fault that neither first_name nor last_name were assigned values prior to calling #full_name. Garbage in — garbage out.

However, rather than behaving deliberately “harmful” by returning inarticulate blankness, #full_name could be helpful by signalling about this situation and helping us tackle it promptly.

Suppose we decided, that in order to compute #full_name properly, we at least need a non-blank first_name. An implementation could look like this:

class Person
  …
  def full_name
    igetset(__method__) do
      require_attr :first_name
      [first_name, last_name].compact.join(" ").strip
    end
  end
end

Let's see how it works:

Person.new.full_name
# RuntimeError: Attribute `first_name` must not be nil: nil

Not bad! Instead of getting dumb blankness, we've got an exception pointing straight at the reason: unassigned first_name. However, the nil phrasing might sound a bit confusing when talking about string values. Also, what if first_name is assigned, but is empty or blank? Let's see:

Person.new(first_name: "").full_name
# => ""

Person.new(first_name: " ").full_name
# => ""

Our require_attr doesn't react to an empty/blank string yet, despite our decision to ensure that first_name is non-blank. Let's tune the code a bit:

# We need this for `Object#present?`.
require "active_support/core_ext/object/blank"

class Person
  …
  def full_name
    igetset(__method__) do
      require_attr :first_name, :present?
      #require_attr :first_name, :not_blank?   # Also possible.
      [first_name, last_name].compact.join(" ").strip
    end
  end
end

Let's try it again:

Person.new.full_name
# RuntimeError: Attribute `first_name` must be present: nil

Person.new(first_name: " ").full_name
# RuntimeError: Attribute `first_name` must be present: " "

Person.new(first_name: "Joe").full_name
# => "Joe"

Now the message is more meaningful and the requirement is met.

We've learned that #require_attr makes it possible to perform a trivial validation of another attribute, needed for a given computation to succeed.

#igetwrite

Method #igetset, described above, operates instance variables directly: checks for being defined, gets and sets. This is sufficient in most cases.

Sometimes, however, proper setting of an attribute demands calling its write accessor, such as #name=.

In such cases, #igetwrite comes in handy. After performing the computation, it saves the value to the object by calling a write accessor.

The product is free software distributed under the terms of the MIT license.

— © 2017-2023 Alex Fortuna